Timeline of French mathematician Évariste Galois, founder of Galois theory, whose revolutionary work on polynomial solvability and group theory was only recognized after his death in a duel at age 20.
Évariste Galois is born in Bourg-la-Reine, France, to Nicolas-Gabriel Galois and Adélaïde-Marie Demante. #mathematics #birth
Galois enters the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, a prestigious school where he excels in mathematics. #education #mathematics
Galois begins studying advanced mathematics on his own, including works of Lagrange, Gauss, and Abel. He rapidly masters the subject. #mathematics #selfstudy
Galois submits his first paper on continued fractions to the Académie des Sciences, but it is rejected. #mathematics #academia
Galois's father commits suicide after a political scandal involving a forged letter. This deeply affects Galois. #family #tragedy
Galois submits a memoir on the solvability of polynomial equations to Augustin-Louis Cauchy. Cauchy loses or forgets the paper. #mathematics #galoistheory
Galois fails the entrance examination for the École Polytechnique due to insufficient explanation of his ideas and an adversarial examiner. #education #setback
Galois is admitted to the École Normale Supérieure, then known as the École Préparatoire. He continues his mathematical research. #education #mathematics
The July Revolution in France leads to the overthrow of Charles X. Galois becomes politically active and a Republican. #politics #revolution
Galois is expelled for a letter he wrote criticizing the school director in a newspaper. He joins the artillery militia of the National Guard. #education #expulsion
Galois publishes three papers in the Bulletin de Férussac, outlining his theory of algebraic equations and group theory. #publication #mathematics
Galois proposes a toast with a dagger over his glass, threatening the king. He is arrested and imprisoned in Sainte-Pélagie prison. #politics #arrest
Galois is acquitted at his trial for the alleged threat. He continues his political activities. #politics #trial
Galois submits a revised memoir on the solvability of algebraic equations to the Académie des Sciences. It is refereed by Poisson and Fourier. #mathematics #galoistheory
Galois is arrested again at a Republican banquet while wearing his National Guard uniform, which is forbidden. He is sentenced to six months in prison. #politics #arrest
Siméon Denis Poisson returns Galois's memoir with a rejection, stating it is incomprehensible and insufficiently developed. #mathematics #rejection
Galois serves his sentence in Sainte-Pélagie prison, where he continues to write mathematics and political manifestos. #imprisonment #mathematics
Galois is released from Sainte-Pélagie due to a cholera outbreak. He moves to a pension in Paris. #imprisonment #freedom
Galois has a brief, intense relationship with Stéphanie-Félicie Poterin du Motel, which may have contributed to his duel. #personal #romance
The night before his fatal duel, Galois frantically writes down his mathematical discoveries, summarizing his theory of equations, group theory, and abelian integrals, outlining what later becomes Galois theory. #mathematics #galoistheory #lastwords
Galois fights a duel with Pescheux d'Herbinville, a Republican activist and possibly his lover's fiancé. He is shot in the abdomen and dies the next day. #duel #death
Galois dies at age 20 in the Cochin Hospital in Paris. His last words to his brother: 'Don't cry, I need all my courage to die at twenty.' #death #mathematics
Galois is buried in a common grave at Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. The exact location is unknown. #death #burial
Joseph Liouville publishes Galois's corrected manuscripts in the Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, finally recognizing their significance. #publication #galoistheory
Liouville's publication leads to widespread appreciation of Galois's work. His theory becomes a cornerstone of modern algebra. #mathematics #galoistheory
Dedekind lectures on Galois theory at the University of Göttingen, helping to spread the ideas. #mathematics #galoistheory
Jordan's 'Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques' systematizes Galois theory, making it accessible to mathematicians. #mathematics #galoistheory
Émile Picard publishes the definitive edition of Galois's mathematical works, including his letters and the night-before-duel manuscript. #publication #mathematics
By the turn of the century, Galois theory is a standard part of advanced algebra courses, influencing fields like number theory and algebraic geometry. #mathematics #education
A postage stamp featuring Galois is issued by France, commemorating his contributions to mathematics. #stamp #commemoration
Several biographies of Galois appear, including popular works by Évariste Galois (1868) and later by Tony Rothman and others. #biography #history
A cache of Galois's letters is found in the archives of the French Academy of Sciences, providing insight into his life and work. #archives #discovery
After research, the approximate location of Galois's grave is identified in Montparnasse Cemetery. #history #cemetery
A popular YouTube video explaining Galois theory goes viral, introducing his work to a new generation. #youtube #mathematicseducation
Celebrations and conferences are held in France and worldwide to mark the 200th anniversary of Galois's birth. #commemoration #bicentenary
The Bibliothèque nationale de France digitizes Galois's manuscripts, making them freely accessible online. #digitization #archives
An educational mobile game based on Galois theory is developed, aiming to teach abstract algebra concepts. #education #app