Osman I declares independence from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, founding the Ottoman dynasty. This marks the beginning of a state that would eventually conquer Constantinople and rule three continents. #history #ottoman
Foundation of the Ottoman Beylik By Ottoman miniature painting - Badisches Landesmuseum, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2725247
1326 CE
Capture of Bursa
Ottomans under Orhan I capture the Byzantine city of Bursa, which becomes the first major capital of the Ottoman state. This victory establishes Ottoman control over northwestern Anatolia. #history #ottoman
Capture of Bursa By Unknown author - wow Turkey website. Image: http://wowturkey.com/tr90/Metehanzade_orhangazi1.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51236012
1354 CE
Ottoman Entry into Europe
Ottomans under Orhan I capture Gallipoli, gaining a foothold in Europe. This event marks the beginning of Ottoman expansion into the Balkans. #history #ottoman
Ottoman Entry into Europe By User:Orwellianist - File:German soldiers celebrate Christmas in Ottoman Empire during WW1.jpg File:Nordenfelt submarine Abdülhamid.jpg Ottoman submarine Abdülhamid (1886) File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png Photo from 1908 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/preww1/Bleriot%20XI%20b%20TuAF.jpg - Photo from 1912 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter18.htm (image), alternative link - Photo from 1914 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter21.htm image - Photo from 1914 File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg Photo from 1919 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd12.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd13.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/sakir_feyzi_resimleri2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/S.P.A.D13.JPG - Photo from 1918 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/fiat-r2.jpg - Photo from 1920 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/breguet14b2.jpg - Photo from 1922 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/nieuport27-2.jpg - Photo from 1922 File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0086, Kaiser Wilhelm II in Konstantinopel.jpg File:Ceremony to decolate the flag of 27th Regiment with Imtiyaz Medals.jpg File:Ottoman troops with flag.jpg File:Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn.jpg - Postcard from 1914 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/kararkoy02.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/tepebasi.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.vicmart.com/ext/en/exrw/item=1416 - Ottoman medal from 1850 File:Aff_ciwl_orient_express4_jw.jpg - 1888-1889 season timetable of the Orient Express File:Ottoman conquests.jpg - Ottoman map from 1914, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7112828
1362 CE
Murad I Conquers Adrianople
Sultan Murad I captures Adrianople (Edirne) and makes it the second Ottoman capital. This strategic city becomes a base for further Balkan conquests. #history #ottoman
Murad I Conquers Adrianople By End of 15th century - Petrosyan I. An Illustrated Turkish Manuscript of “Iskender-nāme” by Ahmedī // Manuscripta Orientalia. Vol. 1, No 2, October 1995. Pp. 47-61 [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=192124259
Jun 15, 1389 CE
Battle of Kosovo
Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad I defeat a coalition of Serbian and Balkan forces. Both Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed, but the battle solidifies Ottoman dominance in the Balkans. #history #ottoman
Battle of Kosovo By Adam Stefanović - image uploaded at wordpress.com, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=248947
Sep 25, 1396 CE
Battle of Nicopolis
Ottoman forces under Sultan Bayezid I decisively defeat a crusader army of European knights. This victory cements Ottoman control over the Balkans and discourages further crusades. #history #ottoman
Battle of Nicopolis By Sébastien Mamerot - Sébastien Mamerot, Les Passages d’Outremer, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16193258
Jul 20, 1402 CE
Battle of Ankara
Timur defeats and captures Sultan Bayezid I, plunging the Ottoman Empire into a temporary interregnum. This event delays Ottoman expansion but also leads to reunification under Mehmed I. #history #ottoman
Battle of Ankara By 1436 artist - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156847250
1413 CE
Mehmed I Reunifies the Empire
Mehmed I emerges victorious from the Ottoman Interregnum, reuniting the empire and restoring central authority. His reign marks a period of recovery and consolidation. #history #ottoman
Mehmed I Reunifies the Empire By Ottoman miniature painter - Badisches Landesmuseum, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2803462
Nov 10, 1444 CE
Battle of Varna
Ottoman forces under Sultan Murad II defeat a Hungarian-Polish crusade, killing King Władysław III. This victory secures Ottoman control over the Balkans and ends major crusading efforts. #history #ottoman
Battle of Varna By Jan Matejko - former image source www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl; current image source [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2823126
May 29, 1453 CE
Fall of Constantinople
Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire and making the city the new Ottoman capital (Istanbul). This event is a turning point in world history, marking the end of the medieval era. #history #ottoman
Fall of Constantinople By DimiTalen - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=140075738
1461 CE
Conquest of Trebizond
Mehmed II conquers the Empire of Trebizond, the last major Byzantine Greek successor state. This completes the Ottoman takeover of Anatolia and the Black Sea coast. #history #ottoman
Conquest of Trebizond By Samhanin - Own work, source: <Libro del conocimiento de todos los reinos>, (c.1385), n47Other sources: <Atles català> (c. 1375), <Guillmus Soleri civis maioricaru me fecit> (c.1380, Paris), https://archive.org/details/s2bookofknowledg29markuoft/page/n109, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76743473
1478 CE
Completion of Topkapi Palace
Mehmed II completes the construction of Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, which serves as the primary residence of Ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years. The palace complex becomes a symbol of Ottoman power and culture. #architecture #ottoman
Completion of Topkapi Palace By Carlos Delgado - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17885392
Aug 23, 1514 CE
Battle of Chaldiran
Ottoman forces under Sultan Selim I decisively defeat the Safavid Persian army, establishing Ottoman control over eastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia. This victory also secures the Ottoman Empire's eastern frontier. #history #ottoman
Battle of Chaldiran By Amir Pashaei - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83213370
1517 CE
Conquest of Mamluk Sultanate
Selim I conquers the Mamluk Sultanate, taking control of Egypt, Syria, and the Hejaz. The Ottoman sultan assumes the caliphate, gaining religious authority over Sunni Islam. #history #ottoman
Conquest of Mamluk Sultanate By Asherbooks.com - https://www.asherbooks.com/item/_ottoman_mamluk_war__omnia_que_gesta_sunt_in_orie_n_te_inter_sophi_amp_maximum_turcarum.html?link_list=+1034827&, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=132010357
Sep 30, 1520 CE
Suleiman the Magnificent Becomes Sultan
Suleiman I ascends the throne, beginning his 46-year reign. His rule marks the golden age of the Ottoman Empire with military conquests, legal reforms, and cultural flourishing. #history #ottoman
Suleiman the Magnificent Becomes Sultan By Circle of Titian - Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2646041
Aug 29, 1521 CE
Capture of Belgrade
Suleiman captures the city of Belgrade, a strategic Hungarian fortress. This victory opens the way for Ottoman expansion into Central Europe. #history #ottoman
Capture of Belgrade By ZlatanJovanovic - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25132735
Dec 22, 1522 CE
Siege of Rhodes
Suleiman captures the island of Rhodes from the Knights Hospitaller after a six-month siege. This secures Ottoman control over the eastern Mediterranean. #history #ottoman )
Siege of Rhodes By Fethullah Çelebi Arifi (historian, poet and painter) and/or Matrakçı Nasuh (painter of landscape) and/or other painters at the court of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent - Süleymanname MS. H. 1517, f. 149a, Topkapi Lib. Istambul; scanned from reproduction in "A story of history" by Arnold Toynbee, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2600016
Aug 29, 1526 CE
Battle of Mohács
Suleiman defeats Hungarian King Louis II, leading to the collapse of the Hungarian kingdom. The Ottomans subsequently control much of Hungary, marking their deepest penetration into Central Europe. #history #ottoman
Battle of Mohács By Bertalan Székely - Székely Bertalan, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2831638
Sep 27, 1529 CE
Siege of Vienna
Suleiman's army besieges Vienna, but is forced to retreat after heavy losses due to supply issues and winter. This marks the furthest Ottoman expansion into Europe and the halt of their advance. #history #ottoman )
Siege of Vienna By Bartel Beham - Wien Museum, MMW 097022, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1493601
Sep 28, 1538 CE
Battle of Preveza
Ottoman navy under Hayreddin Barbarossa defeats a Christian alliance, securing Ottoman naval dominance in the Mediterranean for decades. This victory cements the empire's maritime power. #history #ottoman
Battle of Preveza By Osman Nuri Pasha and Hovhannes Umed Behzad (1809–1874) - http://www.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr/Muze/English/Koleksiyon/Tablolar/FTablolar.htmTransferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Quadell using CommonsHelper.23 February 2007 (original upload date), Original uploader was Preveza1538 at en.wikipedia, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6410372
1550 CE
Suleiman's Legal Reforms (Kanun)
Suleiman codifies Ottoman law, earning the title 'Kanuni' (the Lawgiver). His legal system harmonizes sharia and sultanic law, influencing the empire's administration for centuries. #law #ottoman
1556 CE
Mimar Sinan Builds the Suleymaniye Mosque
Architect Mimar Sinan completes the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, a masterpiece of Ottoman architecture. The mosque complex serves as a religious, educational, and social hub. #architecture #ottoman
Mimar Sinan Builds the Suleymaniye Mosque By Hunanuk - This file was derived from: SüleymaniyeMosqueIstanbul.jpg, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145467656
Oct 7, 1571 CE
Battle of Lepanto
A Christian naval coalition defeats the Ottoman fleet off Greece, ending Ottoman naval supremacy in the Mediterranean. Despite this loss, the empire quickly rebuilds its navy. #history #ottoman
Battle of Lepanto By Laureys a Castro - https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/11468/lot/135/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37718118
Mar 21, 1590 CE
Treaty of Constantinople with Safavids
The Ottoman Empire signs a peace treaty with Safavid Persia, ending the 1578–1590 Ottoman–Safavid War. The treaty recognizes Ottoman gains in the Caucasus and Azerbaijan. #history #ottoman )
Treaty of Constantinople with Safavids By Chamboz - Own work References: Dávid, Géza, ed. (2000) Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest, Brill Finkel, Caroline (2005) Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923, Basic Books ISBN: 978-0-465-02396-7. Hathaway, Jane (2008) The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800, Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-582-41899-8. Peirce, Leslie (1993) The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press ISBN: 0-19-508677-5. Pop, Ioan-Aurel, ed. (2006) History of Romania Compendium, Romanian Cultural Institute Luft, P. (1993) "Mushaʿshaʿ" in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 7, pp. 672−675 Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010) A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press Rhoads, Murphey (1999) Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press ISBN: 1-85728-389-9., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64318203
Nov 11, 1606 CE
Treaty of Zsitvatorok
The Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy sign a peace treaty, marking the first time the Ottomans acknowledge the Habsburgs as equal partners. This signals a shift in Ottoman military and diplomatic power. #history #ottoman
Treaty of Zsitvatorok By Szeder László - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1734326
May 17, 1639 CE
Treaty of Zuhab with Safavids
The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia sign the Treaty of Zuhab, establishing permanent borders in Mesopotamia. The treaty largely defines the modern border between Iraq and Iran. #history #ottoman
Treaty of Zuhab with Safavids By Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793) - https://turkicflags.wordpress.com/historical-flags-of-the-turkic-states/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/ateshahmedovic/3109940303 https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Hungary.htm https://www.facebook.com/212424193545148/photos/a.212429313544636/402195657901333/?type=3 http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/cyprus_history.html, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113247273
Sep 15, 1656 CE
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha Becomes Grand Vizier
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier, initiating a period of reform and revitalization known as the Köprülü era. His leadership restores Ottoman military and administrative strength. #history #ottoman
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha Becomes Grand Vizier By Unknown author - wikipédia.hu, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8876565
Sep 12, 1683 CE
Battle of Vienna (Second Siege)
Ottoman forces under Kara Mustafa Pasha are decisively defeated by a Polish-led relief army. The failure halts Ottoman expansion and marks the beginning of the empire's gradual decline. #history #ottoman
Battle of Vienna (Second Siege) By Anonymer, zeitgenössischer Maler - Monumentalgemälde im Heeresgeschichtlichen Museum Wien (Foto selbst erstellt), Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11425070
Jan 26, 1699 CE
Treaty of Karlowitz
The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Holy League, losing Hungary, Transylvania, and Morea. This treaty marks the first major territorial loss, signaling Ottoman decline. #history #ottoman
Treaty of Karlowitz By O.Mustafin - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39305932
Jul 21, 1718 CE
Treaty of Passarowitz
The Ottoman Empire cedes control of the Banat, northern Serbia, and Wallachia to Austria. The treaty ends a series of wars and marks the beginning of the 'Tulip Era' in Ottoman history. #history #ottoman
Treaty of Passarowitz By WikiEditor2004 - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8802393
Sep 28, 1730 CE
Patrona Halil Revolt
A rebellion led by Janissary Patrona Halil forces Sultan Ahmed III to abdicate, ending the Tulip Era. The revolt reflects growing discontent with Ottoman reforms and Westernization. #history #ottoman
Patrona Halil Revolt By Jean Baptiste Vanmour - https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/SK-A-4082, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5572759
Oct 6, 1768 CE
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Begins
The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia, leading to a catastrophic defeat. The subsequent Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) grants Russia significant concessions and marks the beginning of Russian influence in Ottoman affairs. #history #ottoman )
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Begins By Stefano Torelli - former image source [1]; current image source [2], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=980558
Jul 21, 1774 CE
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
The Ottoman Empire signs a humiliating treaty with Russia, losing control over the Crimean Khanate and granting Russia navigation rights on the Black Sea. This treaty exposes Ottoman weakness and sets the stage for further decline. #history #ottoman
