200 BCE
Chinese Counting Rods Used for Fangcheng
Chinese mathematicians use counting rods to solve systems of linear equations, a method known as Fangcheng, which is an early form of matrix elimination. #mathematics #history )
Chronological Storyline (27 Milestones)
100 BCE
Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
The Chinese text 'Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art' is compiled, containing methods for solving systems of linear equations using rod calculus and negative numbers. #mathematics #history
By 中國書店海王邨公司 - https://pmgs.kongfz.com/detail/1_158470/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22913440
250 CE
Diophantus Writes Arithmetica
Greek mathematician Diophantus writes 'Arithmetica', a seminal work on solving algebraic equations, introducing syncopated notation. #mathematics #history
499 CE
Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya
Indian mathematician Aryabhata writes 'Aryabhatiya', which includes methods for solving quadratic equations and linear indeterminate equations. #mathematics #history
By Krishnachandranvn - Verses in Devanagari saved as image. Previously published: Publishing for the first time., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47811589
628 CE
Brahmagupta's Brahmasphutasiddhanta
Indian mathematician Brahmagupta writes 'Brahmasphutasiddhanta', providing rules for solving quadratic equations and using zero. #mathematics #history
820 CE
Al-Khwarizmi's The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi writes 'Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala', introducing systematic algebraic methods and the term 'algebra'. #mathematics #history
By Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi - Esposito, John L., ed. (1999) The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press ISBN: 0195107993. ; April 2006 (upload date) by Spm, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=716423
850 CE
Al-Khwarizmi's Arithmetic Introduces Hindu-Arabic Numerals
Al-Khwarizmi's work on arithmetic popularizes Hindu-Arabic numerals in the Islamic world, facilitating algebraic computation. #mathematics #history
By Zarateman - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162213187
900 CE
Al-Karaji's Algebraic Induction
Persian mathematician Al-Karaji uses inductive reasoning to develop algebraic methods, including the binomial theorem and sums of powers. #mathematics #history
By en:Al-Karaji - Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46916790
1000 CE
Abu al-Wafa's Algebraic Methods
Persian mathematician Abu al-Wafa Buzjani contributes to algebra with methods for solving cubic equations and geometric constructions. #mathematics #history
By Unknown author - http://usuarios.lycos.es/Torbi/astronomiaenelmundoarabe/pic013.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5404027
1070 CE
Omar Khayyam's Treatise on Algebra
Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam writes 'Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra', classifying cubic equations and solving them geometrically. #mathematics #history
By Alireza Javaheri - https://web.archive.org/web/20161024154356/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/85093358, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55909539
1100 CE
Bhaskara II's Bijaganita
Indian mathematician Bhaskara II writes 'Bijaganita', a comprehensive treatise on algebra covering quadratic, cubic, and indeterminate equations. #mathematics #history
1202 CE
Fibonacci's Liber Abaci
Italian mathematician Fibonacci publishes 'Liber Abaci', introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals and algebraic methods to Europe. #mathematics #history
By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=720501
1247 CE
Qin Jiushao's Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections
Chinese mathematician Qin Jiushao writes 'Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections', including methods for solving polynomial equations using the Horner-like method. #mathematics #history
By Qin Jiushao 秦九韶 - 1842 printing Shu Shu Jiu Zhang, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3414657
1303 CE
Zhu Shijie's Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
Chinese mathematician Zhu Shijie publishes 'Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns', a treatise on polynomial equations with up to four unknowns using the 'four unknowns' method. #mathematics #history
By Zhu Shijie 1303 - mybook 唐戈藏书, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19326220
1494 CE
Pacioli's Summa de Arithmetica
Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli publishes 'Summa de Arithmetica', a comprehensive work including algebra and double-entry bookkeeping. #mathematics #history
1545 CE
Cardano's Ars Magna
Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano publishes 'Ars Magna', presenting the general solution for cubic and quartic equations, a landmark in algebra. #mathematics #history )
1572 CE
Bombelli's Algebra
Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli publishes 'Algebra', introducing complex numbers to solve cubic equations. #mathematics #history
By Unknown author - Book printed by editor Giovanni Rossi, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1591687
1591 CE
Viète's Introduction to the Analytic Art
French mathematician François Viète publishes 'In artem analyticem isagoge', introducing symbolic notation and the use of letters for unknowns and constants. #mathematics #history
By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81021
1614 CE
Napier's Logarithms
Scottish mathematician John Napier publishes 'Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio', introducing logarithms to simplify algebraic calculations. #mathematics #history
By Unknown author - https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/3383, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=154916365
1637 CE
Descartes' La Géométrie
French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes publishes 'La Géométrie', introducing analytic geometry and modern algebraic notation. #mathematics #history
By Original uploader was User:Caton at [1] - Originally from fr.wikipedia; description page is/was here., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1379032
1655 CE
Wallis' Arithmetica Infinitorum
English mathematician John Wallis publishes 'Arithmetica Infinitorum', introducing the symbol for infinity and advancing algebraic methods. #mathematics #history
By After Godfrey Kneller - one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recognition of the "sweat of the brow" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions. As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement. Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6365975
1666 CE
Newton's Generalised Binomial Theorem
Isaac Newton develops the generalised binomial theorem, expanding algebraic power series. #mathematics #history
1673 CE
Leibniz's Notation for Calculus
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduces the notation for differential and integral calculus, influencing algebraic symbolism. #mathematics #history
By Christoph Bernhard Francke - Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, online, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53159699
1682 CE
Seki Takakazu's Discovery of Determinants
Japanese mathematician Seki Takakazu independently discovers determinants and develops methods for solving systems of linear equations. #mathematics #history
By upload by AMorozov - Gakken, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=710154
1683 CE
Leibniz's Work on Determinants
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz develops the theory of determinants, laying groundwork for linear algebra. #mathematics #history
1693 CE
Leibniz's Matrix Notation
Leibniz uses matrix-like notation in correspondence, an early step toward matrix algebra. #mathematics #history )
By Mavaddat - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=126575964
1700 CE
Algebraic Notation Standardisation
By 1700, European mathematicians have largely standardised symbolic algebra, with widespread use of letters and operational symbols. #mathematics #history