Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/01. Africa • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Somalia (AI-generated, sourced to Wikipedia).
Chronological Storyline (36 Milestones)
2500 BCE
Ancient Punt trade with Egypt
The Land of Punt, believed to include parts of modern Somalia, traded incense, gold, and exotic goods with ancient Egypt, establishing early maritime commerce in the Horn of Africa. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Map of the Middle East 1450 BC (by ArdadN) By ArdadN at English Wikipedia - The original description page was here. All following user names refer to en.wikipedia., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4531618
Jan 1, 1000 BCE
Laas Geel rock art created
Neolithic pastoralists painted vivid rock art depicting cattle and wild animals at Laas Geel near Hargeisa, preserving one of the Horn of Africa's oldest artistic records. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Some of the many paintings inside the Laas Geel caves, near Hargeisa in Somaliland/Somalia By Abdullah Geelah - English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1483521
100 CE
Aksumite influence spreads
The Kingdom of Aksum extended commercial and political influence along the Somali coast, linking Red Sea trade networks with inland African routes. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
King Endybis Ethiopia 227-235 A.D By PHGCOM - self-made, photographed at the British Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2350285
700 CE
Islam reaches Somali coast
Muslim Arab traders and migrants introduced Islam to coastal Somali communities, beginning a gradual process of Islamic conversion across the region. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Somaliland By see upload history - see below, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343746
900 CE
Mogadishu rises as trade hub
Mogadishu emerged as a prosperous Indian Ocean trading city-state, minting its own coins and attracting merchants from Arabia, Persia, India, and China. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
A view of Lido beach from the sea in Mogadishu, Somalia on November 15 2019. By AMISOM - 2019_10_15_Socio_Economic_Development-3, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95345726
1280 CE
Ajuran Sultanate established
The Ajuran Sultanate rose to power in southern Somalia, controlling trade routes along the Shebelle and Jubba rivers and building extensive fortifications and hydraulic works. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
The Ajuuraan Empire in the 15th century By Runehelmet - Based on The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900, by Lee V. Cassanelli., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19560249
1415 CE
Adal Sultanate founded
The Adal Sultanate was established with its capital at Zeila, becoming a major center of Islamic learning and commerce in the Horn of Africa. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Adal Sultanate. By FDRMRZUSA - Own work, based on the description of Castanhoso: "...the king of Zeila [Imam Ahmad] ascended a hill with several horse and some foot to examine us: he halted on the top with three hundred horse and three large banners, two white with red moons, and one red with a white moon, which always accompanied him, and [by] which he was recognized." (Extracted from: The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543, page 41 at [1]).WARNING: This image is highly speculative and should not be added to articles about the Mongol Empire. If it is added anyway, then its speculative nature must be a clearly indicated., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83901220
1527 CE
Ahmed Gurey invades Ethiopia
Adal Sultanate general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi launched a devastating military campaign against Christian Ethiopia, nearly conquering the highland empire over sixteen years. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Ahmed Gurey Statue in Mogadishu Somalia By Ugaas Raage - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143830239
1570 CE
Portuguese attack Somali coast
Portuguese naval forces attacked and sacked coastal Somali cities including Zeila and Mogadishu, disrupting established Indian Ocean trade networks. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
The Portuguese Colonial Empire (locations where at some point part of the Empire) By Gabriel Ziegler - [1], CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=123204041
1884 CE
British Somaliland protectorate
Britain established a protectorate over northern Somali clans to secure the strategic Gulf of Aden route to India, creating British Somaliland. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag and government ensign of British Somaliland (1903–1950). By Sodacan - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62518288
1889 CE
Italian Somaliland established
Italy secured protectorate treaties with local Somali sultans in the south, establishing Italian Somaliland and beginning European colonial administration. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
It is easy to put a border around this flag image By F l a n k e r - Regio decreto 1º gennaio 1890 [...] Art. 43 Le Corone della Reale famiglia hanno tutte la cxxx stessa base d'un cerchio d'oro coi margini cordonati, fregiato con otto grossi zaffiri (cinque visibili) attorniati ciascuno da dodici gemme cioè: quattro diamanti alternati con altrettanti rubini ed altrettanti smeraldi: i zaffiri sono divisi da otto nodi di Savoia (quattro visibili) d 'oro a sbalzo. Il cerchio è sormontato da quattro foglie d'acanto d'oro (tre visibili) caricate, in cuore, d'una perla; separate da quattro crocette di Savoia (due visibili) smaltate di rosa e ripiene di bianco, pomate con quattro perle ed accostate, ciascuna, da due perle collocate sopra una piccola punta; il tutto movente dal margine superiore del cerchio. Art. 44 Il Re usa due corone; quella Reale di Savoia e quella Reale d'Italia Art. 45 La Corona Reale di Savoia è chiusa da otto vette d'oro (cinque visibili) moventi dalle foglie e dalle crocette, riunite, con doppia curvatura, sulla sommità, fregiate all'esterno da grosse perle decrescenti dal centro, e sostenenti un globo d'oro cerchiato, cimato come Capo e Generale Gran Maestro dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro, da una crocetta d'oro, trifogliata, movente dalla sommità del globo. [...] http://www.prassi.cnr.it/prassi/content.html?id=1669 Regio decreto n. 2072 del 24 settembre 1923 Norme per l'uso della bandiera nazionale convertito inlegge n. 2264 del 24 dicembre 1925 Art. unico È convertito in legge il R. decreto-legge 24 settembre 1923, n. 2072, concernente le norme per l'uso della bandiera nazionale con le modificazioni risultanti dal testo seguente: Art. 1 La bandiera nazionale, è formata da un drappo di forma rettangolare interzato in palo, di verde, di bianco e di rosso, col bianco coronato dallo stemma Reale bordato d'azzurro. Il drappo deve essere alto due terzi della sua lunghezza, e i tre colori vanno distribuiti nell'ordine anzidetto e in parti eguali, in guisa che il verde sia aderente all'inferitura. La bandiera di Stato, da usarsi nelle residenze dei Sovrani e della Reale Famiglia, nelle sedi del Parlamento, delle rappresentanze diplomatiche e consolari all'estero e degli uffici governativi, ha lo stemma sormontato dalla corona Reale. Art. 2 Per le bandiere nazionali usate dal Regio esercito, dalla Regia marina, dalla Regia aeronautica, come quelle usate dalla marina mercantile e dagli Enti che ne ebbero disciplinato l'uso da apposite disposizioni, nulla è innovato alle prescrizioni ora vigenti. Art. 3 Le bandiere nazionali degli Enti pubblici locali hanno lo stemma senza corona, e con la bordatura azzura. Art. 4 Gli Enti pubblici locali possono fare uso soltanto della bandiera nazionale e dei vessilli e gonfaloni tradizionali propri degli Enti, purché questi siano accompagnati alla bandiera nazionale, che avrà sempre il posto d'onore, a destra o in alto. L'autorità governativa può ordinare, secondo le consuetudini del Regno, che sui pubblici edifici delle Provincie, dei Comuni e degli Enti riconosciuti o vigilati dallo Stato sia esposta la bandiera nazionale. In caso di trasgressione, il Prefetto provvederà a termini di legge. Art. 5 In segno di lutto le bandiere degli edifici e quelle con sistemazione fissa devono essere tenute a mezz'asta; potranno anche avere due strisce di velo nero adattate all'estremità superiore dell'inferitura. Queste strisce sono obbligatorie invece per le bandiere che vengono portate nelle pubbliche cerimonie funebri. Art. 6 Nei festeggiamenti e nelle pubbliche funzioni la bandiera nazionale o di Stato deve avere la precedenza sopra tutti gli altri emblemi civili. Art. 7 Ferme rimanendo le norme e consuetudini di diritto internazionale per l'uso delle bandiere da parte delle rappresentanze diplomatiche e consolari estere, nessuno, cittadino o straniero, potrà nel Regno esporre bandiere di altri Stati, se non accompagnate alla bandiera italiana che occuperà sempre il posto d'onore, a destra, o in mezzo se le bandiere straniere sono più di una. In caso di trasgressione l'autorità di pubblica sicurezza provvederà alla immediata rimozione della o delle bandiere ed i colpevoli saranno puniti con multa da L. 1000 e 5000. Used colors: green rendered as RGB 000 140 069Pantone 17-6153 white rendered as RGB 244 245 240Pantone 11-0601 red rendered as RGB 205 033 042Pantone 18-1662 Savoy blue rendered as RGB 075 097 209Pantone ?, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1155686
1899 CE
Dervish resistance begins
Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan launched the Dervish movement, waging a two-decade guerrilla war against British, Italian, and Ethiopian colonial forces. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Purported flag of the Dervish Kingdom of Garad Diiriye Guure in modern-day Khatumo. By Unknown author - Vectorization of a preexisting file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=154581014
Feb 1, 1920 CE
Dervish movement defeated
British aerial bombardment destroyed Dervish forts at Taleh, killing Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's forces and ending twenty years of armed resistance. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Purported flag of the Dervish Kingdom of Garad Diiriye Guure in modern-day Khatumo. By Unknown author - Vectorization of a preexisting file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=154581014
May 1, 1936 CE
Italian East Africa proclaimed
Italy merged Italian Somaliland with Ethiopia and Eritrea to form Italian East Africa, placing Somalia within a larger fascist colonial empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
It is easy to put a border around this flag image By F l a n k e r - Regio decreto 1º gennaio 1890 [...] Art. 43 Le Corone della Reale famiglia hanno tutte la cxxx stessa base d'un cerchio d'oro coi margini cordonati, fregiato con otto grossi zaffiri (cinque visibili) attorniati ciascuno da dodici gemme cioè: quattro diamanti alternati con altrettanti rubini ed altrettanti smeraldi: i zaffiri sono divisi da otto nodi di Savoia (quattro visibili) d 'oro a sbalzo. Il cerchio è sormontato da quattro foglie d'acanto d'oro (tre visibili) caricate, in cuore, d'una perla; separate da quattro crocette di Savoia (due visibili) smaltate di rosa e ripiene di bianco, pomate con quattro perle ed accostate, ciascuna, da due perle collocate sopra una piccola punta; il tutto movente dal margine superiore del cerchio. Art. 44 Il Re usa due corone; quella Reale di Savoia e quella Reale d'Italia Art. 45 La Corona Reale di Savoia è chiusa da otto vette d'oro (cinque visibili) moventi dalle foglie e dalle crocette, riunite, con doppia curvatura, sulla sommità, fregiate all'esterno da grosse perle decrescenti dal centro, e sostenenti un globo d'oro cerchiato, cimato come Capo e Generale Gran Maestro dell'Ordine dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro, da una crocetta d'oro, trifogliata, movente dalla sommità del globo. [...] http://www.prassi.cnr.it/prassi/content.html?id=1669 Regio decreto n. 2072 del 24 settembre 1923 Norme per l'uso della bandiera nazionale convertito inlegge n. 2264 del 24 dicembre 1925 Art. unico È convertito in legge il R. decreto-legge 24 settembre 1923, n. 2072, concernente le norme per l'uso della bandiera nazionale con le modificazioni risultanti dal testo seguente: Art. 1 La bandiera nazionale, è formata da un drappo di forma rettangolare interzato in palo, di verde, di bianco e di rosso, col bianco coronato dallo stemma Reale bordato d'azzurro. Il drappo deve essere alto due terzi della sua lunghezza, e i tre colori vanno distribuiti nell'ordine anzidetto e in parti eguali, in guisa che il verde sia aderente all'inferitura. La bandiera di Stato, da usarsi nelle residenze dei Sovrani e della Reale Famiglia, nelle sedi del Parlamento, delle rappresentanze diplomatiche e consolari all'estero e degli uffici governativi, ha lo stemma sormontato dalla corona Reale. Art. 2 Per le bandiere nazionali usate dal Regio esercito, dalla Regia marina, dalla Regia aeronautica, come quelle usate dalla marina mercantile e dagli Enti che ne ebbero disciplinato l'uso da apposite disposizioni, nulla è innovato alle prescrizioni ora vigenti. Art. 3 Le bandiere nazionali degli Enti pubblici locali hanno lo stemma senza corona, e con la bordatura azzura. Art. 4 Gli Enti pubblici locali possono fare uso soltanto della bandiera nazionale e dei vessilli e gonfaloni tradizionali propri degli Enti, purché questi siano accompagnati alla bandiera nazionale, che avrà sempre il posto d'onore, a destra o in alto. L'autorità governativa può ordinare, secondo le consuetudini del Regno, che sui pubblici edifici delle Provincie, dei Comuni e degli Enti riconosciuti o vigilati dallo Stato sia esposta la bandiera nazionale. In caso di trasgressione, il Prefetto provvederà a termini di legge. Art. 5 In segno di lutto le bandiere degli edifici e quelle con sistemazione fissa devono essere tenute a mezz'asta; potranno anche avere due strisce di velo nero adattate all'estremità superiore dell'inferitura. Queste strisce sono obbligatorie invece per le bandiere che vengono portate nelle pubbliche cerimonie funebri. Art. 6 Nei festeggiamenti e nelle pubbliche funzioni la bandiera nazionale o di Stato deve avere la precedenza sopra tutti gli altri emblemi civili. Art. 7 Ferme rimanendo le norme e consuetudini di diritto internazionale per l'uso delle bandiere da parte delle rappresentanze diplomatiche e consolari estere, nessuno, cittadino o straniero, potrà nel Regno esporre bandiere di altri Stati, se non accompagnate alla bandiera italiana che occuperà sempre il posto d'onore, a destra, o in mezzo se le bandiere straniere sono più di una. In caso di trasgressione l'autorità di pubblica sicurezza provvederà alla immediata rimozione della o delle bandiere ed i colpevoli saranno puniti con multa da L. 1000 e 5000. Used colors: green rendered as RGB 000 140 069Pantone 17-6153 white rendered as RGB 244 245 240Pantone 11-0601 red rendered as RGB 205 033 042Pantone 18-1662 Savoy blue rendered as RGB 075 097 209Pantone ?, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1155686
Apr 1, 1941 CE
Allies capture Italian Somaliland
British and Commonwealth forces defeated Italian colonial troops and occupied Italian Somaliland during the East African Campaign of World War II. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
South Africans at Moyale after the Italian forces had withdrawn. 1941 By Not stated in source - South African War Museum. Published in: Klein, Harry Lt-Col (1946). Springbok Record. Johannesburg. White House. Publication was 63 years ago - in South Africa, copyright prescribes after 50 years!, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7302820
Apr 1, 1950 CE
UN Trust Territory established
The United Nations placed former Italian Somaliland under Italian trusteeship with a mandate to prepare the territory for independence within ten years. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Italy from 1946 to 2003, when exact colors were specified. By Republica Italiana - This file was derived from: Flag of Italy (1946–2003).png Used colors: green rendered as RGB 000 122 094 white rendered as RGB 255 255 255 red rendered as RGB 206 017 038, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60618509
Jun 26, 1960 CE
British Somaliland independent
British Somaliland gained independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Somaliland, becoming the first Somali territory to achieve sovereignty. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of State of Somaliland By Siirski - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106988171
Jul 1, 1960 CE
Republic of Somalia formed
The former British Somaliland and Italian Trust Territory united to form the Somali Republic, creating the first modern Somali nation-state. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Somaliland By see upload history - see below, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343746
Oct 21, 1969 CE
Military coup brings Barre to power
Major General Siad Barre seized power in a bloodless military coup, abolishing the democratic government and establishing a socialist military regime. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
1st announcement by the Supreme Revolutionary Council declaring change in government By Supreme Revolutionary Council - Self-scanned, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=122914565
1972 CE
Somali script standardized
The Barre government adopted a modified Latin alphabet for the Somali language, replacing Arabic and colonial scripts and promoting mass literacy campaigns. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Somali script standardized By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2699350
Jul 1, 1977 CE
Ogaden War erupts
Somalia invaded Ethiopia's Ogaden region to support ethnic Somali rebels, triggering a brief but devastating war that ended with Somali defeat after Soviet and Cuban intervention. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Somalian tanks invade Ogaden region in Ethiopia, marking start of the Ogaden War. By Unknown author - https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2020/11/05/dtente-under-fire-contrasting-approaches-to-cold-war-strategy-and-crisis-management-in-africa, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162725212
1978 CE
Failed coup and repression
A group of military officers attempted to overthrow Barre following the Ogaden War defeat; the regime responded with severe repression targeting the Majeerteen and Isaaq clans. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Military portrait of Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, Somalia's longest-serving President. By Government of Somalia - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (1993). Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Somalia : a country study. Area handbook series, 1057-5294 ; DA Pam, 550-86 (4th ed.). Washington, D.C. : Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. hdl:2027/umn.31951d00268287r. ISBN 978-0-84-440775-3. LCCN: 93016246 . LIBRIS: 5841640. OCLC 27642849. OL8244362M. K10plusPPN: 1619494841. SWB-ID: 037420275., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13234001
Apr 1, 1988 CE
Northern conflict intensifies
The Somali National Movement launched attacks from Ethiopia against government forces in northern Somalia, prompting brutal government reprisals against Isaaq civilians. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of the Somali National Movement (1981-1991) By Dabaqabad - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100187706
Jan 26, 1991 CE
Barre regime collapses
Armed opposition groups overthrew Siad Barre's government, but rival factions immediately turned on each other, plunging Mogadishu into devastating civil war. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Map of the Somali Civil War By X-Wu-Z - Map, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181564176
May 18, 1991 CE
Somaliland declares independence
The former British Somaliland unilaterally declared independence as the Republic of Somaliland, seeking to separate from the chaos of southern Somalia. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Somaliland By Government of Somaliland - Government of Somaliland National Symbols, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=486578
Dec 1, 1992 CE
UN humanitarian intervention
The United Nations authorized a multinational military intervention to secure humanitarian aid delivery amid famine and fighting that had killed hundreds of thousands. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
US Marines, armed with M-249 SAW machine guns and M-16A2 rifles, conduct a building-to-building sweep of the weapons cantonment area seized in an early morning raid. As the 6:00 a.m. deadline to surrender the area was ignored, US Marines from Task Force Mogadishu surrounded and seized Gen. Aideed's weapons cantonment area in the northern part of the capital city. By PHCM TERRY C. MITCHELL - http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26826089
Oct 3, 1993 CE
Battle of Mogadishu
US Special Forces and Somali militia fighters clashed in a deadly urban battle that killed 18 Americans and hundreds of Somalis, dramatically shifting international policy. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Michael Durant's helicopter (Super64) heading out over Mogadishu on October 3, 1993. Super64 was the second helicopter to crash on the Battle of Mogadishu. Ranger Mike Goodale rode on this helicopter before the battle erupted. By Unknown author - The original description page was here. All following user names refer to en.wikipedia., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=657380
Aug 1, 2000 CE
Transitional government formed
A peace conference in Djibouti produced the Transitional National Government, Somalia's first attempt at a central authority since the state's collapse. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Somaliland By see upload history - see below, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343746
Jun 1, 2006 CE
Islamic Courts Union takes Mogadishu
The Islamic Courts Union seized control of Mogadishu and much of southern Somalia, briefly restoring order under Sharia law before facing foreign military intervention. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Official emblem of the Golaha Maxaakiimta Islaamiga Soomaaliyeed, or the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia By Guardafuuii - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150154314
Dec 1, 2006 CE
Ethiopia invades Somalia
Ethiopian forces, backed by the United States, invaded Somalia to topple the Islamic Courts Union and install the Transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
A contingent of ten troops, consisting of nine TFG soldiers and one Ethiopian soldier surrender to Somali Islamic Courts forces in the capital Mogadishu. By Muuse Maxamuud Jiisow - September 2008 article (in Somali) "Sagaal askari oo ka tirsanaa Ciidamada DKMG iyo mid ka mid ah ciidanka Ethiopia oo isu soo dhiibay ciidamada maxaakiimta islaamiga Soomaaliyeed... Muqdisho" from SomaliTalk.com, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=163896417
2007 CE
Al-Shabaab insurgency begins
Al-Shabaab, a radical offshoot of the Islamic Courts Union, launched an insurgency against the Transitional Federal Government and African Union peacekeepers. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of the Islamic State. This flag is also used by al-Shabaab, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and Boko Haram. The design shows the shahada in an arrangement that includes the image of the historical "seal of Muhammad" (more precisely, the "seal" design is based on a 1980s facsimile of Ottoman era copies of letters written and sealed by Muhammad, in which the copyists had manually inked the seal impression; the jihadist flags seen in press photographs do not show the seal as circular but in a slightly irregular shape that faithfully mimicks one particular such specimen; see w:seal of Muhammad for details). Also note that the representation of this seal formerly uploaded to commons but since deleted is merely a graphist's "fictionalisation" of what the seal might have looked like; the actual artefact on exhibit as the "seal of Muhammad" in Istanbul is rectangular) By Yo - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45781807
Jul 1, 2011 CE
Famine declared in southern Somalia
The UN declared a famine in southern Somalia amid the worst drought in sixty years; an estimated 260,000 people died before conditions improved with humanitarian aid and better rains. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
The FEWS projection of the 2011 East Africa drought for October-December, using the IPC scale. By Famine Early Warning Systems Network - USAID - http://www.fews.net/pages/region.aspx?gb=r2, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15873692
Aug 1, 2012 CE
Federal Government established
A new provisional constitution was adopted and the Federal Government of Somalia was inaugurated, marking the end of the transitional period and the first permanent government since 1991. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Flag of Somaliland By see upload history - see below, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343746
Sep 10, 2012 CE
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud elected
Parliament elected academic and civil society activist Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as president, the first leader chosen inside Somalia in over two decades. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III poses for a photo with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud during a bilateral exchange at Djiboutian presidential palace in Djibouti, Djibouti, Sept. 24, 2023. (DoD photo by U.S. Navy Petty Officer 1st Class Alexander Kubitza) By U.S. Secretary of Defense - https://www.flickr.com/photos/68842444@N03/53210184396/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=138076589
Feb 8, 2017 CE
Farmajo elected president
Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo, a former prime minister and diaspora figure, was elected president, raising hopes for reform and stronger governance. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Official portrait of President of Somalia Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, 2017. By Villa Somalia - https://villasomalia.gov.so/en/the-presidency/the-president/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=106028854
May 15, 2022 CE
Hassan Sheikh re-elected
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was re-elected president after a prolonged electoral process, returning to office amid ongoing security challenges and drought. Source — Wikipedia, "Somalia":
Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III poses for a photo with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud during a bilateral exchange at Djiboutian presidential palace in Djibouti, Djibouti, Sept. 24, 2023. (DoD photo by U.S. Navy Petty Officer 1st Class Alexander Kubitza) By U.S. Secretary of Defense - https://www.flickr.com/photos/68842444@N03/53210184396/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=138076589
