Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/01. Africa • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Morocco (AI-generated, sourced to Wikipedia).
Chronological Storyline (47 Milestones)
1100 BCE
Phoenicians establish trading posts
Phoenician merchants founded coastal trading settlements along the Atlantic and Mediterranean shores of what is now Morocco, including Lixus and Mogador. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
"map of Phoenicia", apparently intended to give a rough idea of the part of the Levant known as "Phoenicia", it does not correspond to any historical empire or polity. The cities indicated are the ancient Phoenician city states, perhaps in the Late Bronze Age (?) By Kordas, based on Alvaro's work - This map, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4083286
300 BCE
Mauretania kingdom emerges
The Berber kingdom of Mauretania arose in northern Morocco and western Algeria, becoming an important regional power before Roman annexation. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Mauretania kingdom emerges By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=781269
Apr 1, 40 CE
Rome annexes Mauretania
Emperor Claudius annexed the client kingdom of Mauretania, dividing it into two provinces; Tingitana covered northern Morocco. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Locator map of the Mauretania Tingitana province in the Roman Empire (125). Extracted from File:Roman Empire 125 political map.svg By Milenioscuro - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45059731
429 CE
Vandals cross into North Africa
The Vandals, led by Genseric, crossed from Spain into North Africa, eventually capturing Roman territories including Mauretania Tingitana. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Münze: 50 Denari Silber, de:Gelimer, König der Vandalen, um 530, Münzstätte Karthago, Beschriftung: D N REX G-EILAMIR By Unknown author - [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26421215
681 CE
Arab-Muslim conquest begins
Uqba ibn Nafi led Arab armies westward across North Africa, initiating the spread of Islam into the Maghreb and the region of Morocco. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Statue of Uqba ibn Nafi, the founder of the North African Arab dynasty, the Fihrids, in Algeria. By Al hilali al sulaymi - photo, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26959781
788 CE
Idrisid dynasty founded
Idris I, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, established the Idrisid dynasty in Morocco, making Volubilis and later Fez key centers of Islamic learning. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
789 CE
Founding of Fez
Idris I founded the city of Fez on the banks of the Jawhar river, which would become Morocco's spiritual and cultural capital. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Bab Bou Jeloud framing minaret of Bou Inania Madrasa, Fes, Morocco By This Photo was taken by Timothy A. Gonsalves. Feel free to use my photos, but please mention me as the author. I would much appreciate if you send me an email tagooty@yahoo.com or write on my talk page, for my information. Please contact me before commercial use. Please do not upload an edited image here without consulting me. I would like to make corrections only at my own source to ensure that the changes improve the image and are preserved.Otherwise you may upload an edited image with a new name. Please use one of the templates derivative or extract. - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=188805401
974 CE
Fatimids conquer Sijilmasa
The Fatimid Caliphate extended its control over southern Morocco, capturing the wealthy trans-Saharan trade city of Sijilmasa. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Map the Fatimid Empire (chronological)Map drawn acc. to: Euratlas' map of the Fatimid Empire c.1000 [1] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1000 [2] Territories in green represent Hammadid and Zirid realms, resp. indep. in 1018 and 1048 Ian Mladjov's map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 [3] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1100 [4] By Omar-toons - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36397574
1061 CE
Almoravid dynasty rises
The Sanhaja Berber Almoravid movement, driven by Islamic reform, founded Marrakesh and unified Morocco and al-Andalus under one rule. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Mapa de la expansión almorávide, según datos de ISBN 9788433824516. By Rowanwindwhistler - Own work Base map (coast, territory, rivers...) from Natural Earth Location of towns from Wikipedia Projection: Africa Lambert conformal conic, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50658698
1070 CE
Marrakesh founded
The Almoravid leader Abu Bakr ibn Umar established Marrakesh as the new capital, which became one of Morocco's most iconic imperial cities. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Pavillion in den Menaragärten, dahinter das Atlasgebirge By Acp - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=593692
1147 CE
Almohads capture Marrakesh
The Almohad movement, founded by Ibn Tumart, overthrew the Almoravids and established a vast empire stretching from Spain to Libya. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Almohad dynasty, was a ruling dynasty of Morocco, then Caliphate since 1147, at its greatest extent (early 13th century). By Flaspec - This file was derived from: Empire almohade-es.svg: RowanwindwhistlerSelon: Qantara-Med.org [1] [2], CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96587264
Jul 19, 1195 CE
Battle of Alarcos
Almohad forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur decisively defeated the Castilian army of Alfonso VIII at Alarcos in Spain. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Castillo de Alarcos en la Provincia de Ciudad Real (Castilla-La Mancha - España). Torre pentagonal en forma de proa, con foso, para la defensa de la fachada este. Mandado construir por Alfonso VIII, quedando inconcluso en 1195, por la Batalla de Alarcos. By Raimundo Pastor - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21143595
1213 CE
Marinid dynasty begins ascent
The Zenata Berber Marinids began their rise to power, eventually replacing the Almohads as rulers of Morocco by the mid-13th century. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
General extent of territorial control under the Marinids, Zayyanids (or Ziyanids or Abd al-Wadids), and Hafsids. By Askelaadden (minor modifications by R Prazeres) - This file was derived from: Carte Empire Mérinide XIVe.jpg Based on: Sluglett, Peter (2015) (in English) Atlas of Islamic History, Taylor & Francis, p. 49 ISBN: 978-1-317-58897-9., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=138532817
1276 CE
Fes el-Jdid built
The Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub constructed Fes el-Jdid, a new royal administrative district adjacent to old Fez, as his capital. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
The minaret of the Hamra Mosque along the Grande Rue de Fes Jdid. (The small minaret in the distance is that of the al-Beida or White Mosque.) By Robert Prazeres - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85586152
1465 CE
Wattasid dynasty takes power
Following a revolt in Fez that killed the last Marinid sultan, the Wattasid viziers assumed the throne, ruling Morocco until the Saadi takeover. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Simplified map of Morocco in the first half of the 15th century (Wattasid era). For the more detailed map, see File:Wattasid Morocco EN.PNG By Omar-toons - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21856779
1511 CE
Saadi dynasty established
The Sharifian Saadi dynasty rose to power in southern Morocco, resisting Portuguese expansion along the Atlantic coast and unifying the country. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Extent of the Saadian empire during the reign of Ahmad al-Mansur. Based on the "Atlas of Islamic History" by Peter Sluglett and Andrew Currie (2014) (Map 33 on p.58). By R Prazeres - This file was derived from: Saadiens - Carte fin XVIe siècle.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112648112
Aug 4, 1578 CE
Battle of Ksar el-Kebir
Moroccan Saadi forces under Ahmad al-Mansur defeated the Portuguese army, killing King Sebastian and ending Portuguese ambitions in Morocco. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
1591 CE
Songhai Empire conquered
Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur dispatched an expedition across the Sahara that defeated the Songhai Empire, seizing gold and slaves from Timbuktu. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
1666 CE
Alaouite dynasty founded
The Sharifian Alaouite dynasty, claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad, consolidated power under Moulay al-Rashid, beginning a reign that continues today. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Coat of arms of Morocco: Gules, in chief a demi-sun issuant with fifteen rays Or on an azure field; supported by a vaulted divided fess Vert, fuselled Or and Argent; the whole charged with a star (pentalpha) Vert. The shield is ensigned with the Moroccan Royal Crown Or, adorned with alternating pearls Gules and Vert; it is bordered with lambrequins Or supported by two cornucopias and supported by two lions proper: the dexter one in profile and the sinister one leoparded. The shield bears a scroll Or with the Qurʾānic verse: “إن تنصروا الله ينصركم”. Note: This Qurʾānic verse (47:7) may be translated as: “If you support God, He will support you.” By Government of Morocco - Moroccan royal decree (17 October 2000), BO-4844_ar page 2 (Arabic) - BO-4844_fr page 3 (French) Colors from Maroc.ma - Armorial Bearing, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43118714
1672 CE
Moulay Ismail becomes sultan
Moulay Ismail began his long and autocratic reign, building a vast standing army and making Morocco a formidable regional power. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Ismail Ibn Sharif By Germain Moüette - Histoire des conquestes de Mouley Archy (1683), Datenbank Tripota in der Wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek der Stadt Trier/Stadtarchiv, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=131434553
1773 CE
Famine devastates Morocco
A severe famine struck Morocco during the reign of Sultan Muhammad III, causing widespread mortality and economic disruption across the country. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
Aug 14, 1844 CE
Battle of Isly
French forces defeated the Moroccan army at Isly near Oujda, forcing Sultan Abd al-Rahman to accept French dominance in Algeria. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Bombardment of Tangiers, engraving by N.E. Sotain. By N.E. Sotain - [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11191255
Apr 1, 1860 CE
Treaty of Wad Ras signed
After Spain's victory in the Hispano-Moroccan War, Morocco ceded territory and paid a large indemnity, weakening the state financially. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
1881 CE
Treaty of Bardo with Tunisia
While Morocco watched, neighboring Tunisia fell under French protectorate via the Treaty of Bardo, signaling growing European encroachment on the Maghreb. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Traité du Bardo de 1881, Tunisie By Gouvernement français + Le Bey de Tunis - http://tunisiecoloniale.blogspot.com/2007_01_01_archive.html, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4344082
Apr 7, 1906 CE
Algeciras Conference concludes
European powers at Algeciras affirmed Moroccan sovereignty while granting France and Spain special policing and economic rights, foreshadowing partition. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
El-Hadj el-Mokri, Moroccan Ambassador to Spain, signs the treaty at the Algeciras Conference 7 April, 1906. By Unknown author - http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/01_The-Last-Days-of-the-Gilded-Age/01h_Conflicting-Nationalisms-r.htm, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48489143
Mar 30, 1912 CE
French Protectorate established
Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fez, making Morocco a French protectorate while Spain gained control over the northern and southern zones. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Merchant flag of the French protectorate in Morocco By CromwellTheTuco - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=189600510
Jul 21, 1921 CE
Battle of Annual disaster
Berber forces under Abd el-Krim inflicted a crushing defeat on the Spanish army at Annual, killing thousands and destabilizing Spain's Moroccan zone. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Carga del río Igan del Regimiento Cazadores de Alcántara 14º de Caballería en 1921, durante la Guerra del Rif. By Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau - Own work, 2013-03-23 02:47:33, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25238510
1925 CE
Rif War intensifies
France and Spain jointly launched large-scale campaigns against Abd el-Krim's Rif Republic, eventually using chemical weapons to crush the rebellion. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Top left: Spanish Renault FT stuck in a shell hole Top right: Alfonso XIII reviewing troops in 1921 Middle left: Spanish Class B submarines Middle right: Charge of Spanish Legion infantry Bottom left: Soldiers of Alfonso XIII climbing a defense wall Bottom right: Spanish generals overlooking combat in Mount Gurugú By Barbudo Barbudo - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64088401
May 16, 1930 CE
Berber Dahir promulgated
France issued the Berber Dahir, attempting to separate Amazigh legal systems from Islamic law, sparking nationalist outrage across Morocco. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
Jan 11, 1944 CE
Istiqlal Party founded
Moroccan nationalists established the Istiqlal Party and issued a manifesto demanding full independence from French colonial rule. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Logo of the Independence Party, a political party in Morocco By Parti de l'Istiqlalحزب الإستقلال - https://www.facebook.com/PartiIstiqlalPageOfficiel, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99239085
Aug 20, 1953 CE
Sultan Mohammed V exiled
French authorities deposed and exiled Sultan Mohammed V to Madagascar, provoking widespread nationalist protests and armed resistance. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Frans Marokko hoofdpersonen: (...) Sultan Marokko By Fotograaf Onbekend / Anefo - Cropped from Fotocollectie Anefo. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, nummertoegang 2.24.01.09, bestanddeelnummer 905-8914., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56734706
Nov 1, 1955 CE
Sultan returns from exile
Mohammed V returned from exile to Morocco amid negotiations that would lead to the end of the French Protectorate the following year. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Frans Marokko hoofdpersonen: (...) Sultan Marokko By Fotograaf Onbekend / Anefo - Cropped from Fotocollectie Anefo. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, nummertoegang 2.24.01.09, bestanddeelnummer 905-8914., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56734706
Mar 2, 1956 CE
Independence from France
France formally recognized Morocco's independence, ending 44 years of protectorate rule; Spain relinquished its northern zone in April. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
Aug 14, 1957 CE
Kingdom of Morocco proclaimed
Sultan Mohammed V assumed the title of King, transforming Morocco from a sultanate into a constitutional-style monarchy. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Frans Marokko hoofdpersonen: (...) Sultan Marokko By Fotograaf Onbekend / Anefo - Cropped from Fotocollectie Anefo. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, nummertoegang 2.24.01.09, bestanddeelnummer 905-8914., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56734706
Feb 26, 1961 CE
King Hassan II ascends
Following the death of Mohammed V, his son Hassan II became king, ruling Morocco with an iron hand for nearly four decades. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Portrait of King Hassan II of Morocco By Unknown author - https://maroc.ma/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=190589961
Nov 1, 1963 CE
Sand War with Algeria
Border disputes over the Tindouf region led to a brief armed conflict between Morocco and newly independent Algeria, straining relations for decades. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Sand War By Unknown author - https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/823301, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133061640
Sep 5, 1969 CE
Hassan II Mosque proposed
On his birthday, King Hassan II announced plans for a grand mosque in Casablanca; completed in 1993, it became one of the largest mosques in the world. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca By Petar Milošević - Own work, CC-BY-SA-4.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76901296
Jul 10, 1971 CE
Skhirat coup attempt
Rebel army officers attempted to assassinate King Hassan II and seize power during a birthday reception at the Skhirat palace; the coup failed. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Moroccan pro-king loyalists defending the RTM headquarters during the 1971 Skhirat coup attempt By Ronald M. Cardoos, U.S. Peace Corps - Returned Peace Corps Volunteers of Morocco, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114726884
Nov 6, 1975 CE
Green March to Western Sahara
King Hassan II organized the Green March, sending 350,000 unarmed civilians into Spanish Sahara to claim the territory for Morocco. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
A map showing the Green March, Morocco's invasion of Spanish Sahara in 1975. By Flaggingwill - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=153548358
1976 CE
Polisario War begins
Following Spain's withdrawal from Western Sahara, the Polisario Front launched a guerrilla war against Moroccan forces, lasting until 1991. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
This is a general map of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front controls the area to the east of the berm, while Morocco controls the area to the west. By Kmusser - Own work based primarily on the Digital Chart of the World, with this UN map and commercial atlases (Rand McNally, Google, Encarta, and National Geographic) used as references., CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1621025
Aug 1, 1984 CE
Tangier Protocol signed
Morocco withdrew from the Organisation of African Unity in protest over the body's recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Gathering of Saharawi troops, near Tifariti (Western Sahara), celebrating the 32nd anniversary of the Polisario Front. By Saharauiak - originally posted to Flickr as Soldadu saharauiak - Polisario troops, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1294535
Sep 4, 1992 CE
Constitutional referendum held
Moroccans approved a new constitution expanding parliamentary powers, part of King Hassan II's cautious political liberalization. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Coat of arms of Morocco: Gules, in chief a demi-sun issuant with fifteen rays Or on an azure field; supported by a vaulted divided fess Vert, fuselled Or and Argent; the whole charged with a star (pentalpha) Vert. The shield is ensigned with the Moroccan Royal Crown Or, adorned with alternating pearls Gules and Vert; it is bordered with lambrequins Or supported by two cornucopias and supported by two lions proper: the dexter one in profile and the sinister one leoparded. The shield bears a scroll Or with the Qurʾānic verse: “إن تنصروا الله ينصركم”. Note: This Qurʾānic verse (47:7) may be translated as: “If you support God, He will support you.” By Government of Morocco - Moroccan royal decree (17 October 2000), BO-4844_ar page 2 (Arabic) - BO-4844_fr page 3 (French) Colors from Maroc.ma - Armorial Bearing, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43118714
Jul 23, 1999 CE
King Mohammed VI crowned
Following Hassan II's death, his son Mohammed VI ascended the throne, promising reforms, modernization, and respect for human rights. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Official Portrait King Mohammed VI of Morocco By Ministère de la Transition Numérique et de la Réforme de l'Administration - https://bdj.mmsp.gov.ma/Fr/Document/10392-Circulaire-n-15-19-cab-du-23-moharrem-1441-23-se.aspx?KeyPath=594/710/711/10392, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=194360352
May 16, 2003 CE
Casablanca bombings
Twelve suicide bombers linked to Salafia Jihadia attacked Jewish and European targets in Casablanca, killing 33 civilians and wounding over 100. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Memorial for the May 16 attacks, located at Mohammed V Square By Le360 - YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKxtPHiqmsw&pp=ygUJMTYg2YXYp9mK – View/save archived versions on archive.org, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146453246
Jul 1, 2011 CE
Constitutional reform approved
In response to Arab Spring protests, Moroccans voted overwhelmingly for a new constitution devolving some powers to an elected government. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Coat of arms of Morocco: Gules, in chief a demi-sun issuant with fifteen rays Or on an azure field; supported by a vaulted divided fess Vert, fuselled Or and Argent; the whole charged with a star (pentalpha) Vert. The shield is ensigned with the Moroccan Royal Crown Or, adorned with alternating pearls Gules and Vert; it is bordered with lambrequins Or supported by two cornucopias and supported by two lions proper: the dexter one in profile and the sinister one leoparded. The shield bears a scroll Or with the Qurʾānic verse: “إن تنصروا الله ينصركم”. Note: This Qurʾānic verse (47:7) may be translated as: “If you support God, He will support you.” By Government of Morocco - Moroccan royal decree (17 October 2000), BO-4844_ar page 2 (Arabic) - BO-4844_fr page 3 (French) Colors from Maroc.ma - Armorial Bearing, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43118714
Nov 26, 2015 CE
Marrakesh hosts COP22
Morocco hosted the UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakesh, reinforcing its commitment to renewable energy and green development. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Flag of Morocco By Denelson83, Zscout370 - Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135_ar page 6 (Arabic) - BO-162_fr page 6 (French) Arabic-language text French-language text English Translation: Cherifian Dahir concerning the distinction of the Moroccan flag — Let it be known from this Our noble decree, may God exalt its value and make happiness and prosperity revolve around its center, that, in view of the advancement of the affairs of Our Cherifian Kingdom, the spread of its glory and renown, and the circumstances requiring that it be distinguished by a flag setting it apart from other kingdoms; and whereas the flag of Our revered ancestors resembled certain other flags, particularly those used for maritime signals; Our noble consideration has decreed that Our blessed flag be distinguished by placing the five-pointed Seal of Solomon at its center, in green, beseeching Almighty God to keep it ever flying with the winds of fortune and prosperity, in the present and in the future. Amen and peace. Moroccan royal decree (23 November 2005), BO-5378-ar page 5 (Arabic) - BO-5378-fr page 6 (French) English Translation: Cherifian Dahir with reference 1.05.99 issued on 20 Shawwal 1426 (23 November 2005) concerning the characteristics of the Kingdom’s flag and national anthem — In accordance with Article Seven of the Constitution, the flag of the Kingdom shall be a red banner bearing a green five-pointed star at its center. The flag shall be made of vivid red fabric, opaque and rectangular in shape. The star shall be open, palm green in color, composed of five continuous points, and woven into the same fabric so as to be visible on both sides of the flag. One of its points shall be directed upward. The hoist (vertical dimension) of the flag shall be equal to two thirds (2/3) of its fly (horizontal length). The star shall be inscribed within an invisible circle whose radius is equal to one sixth (1/6) of the flag’s fly (horizontal length), the center of which coincides with the intersection of the invisible diagonal lines of the flag’s rectangle. The width of each branch of the star shall be equal to one twentieth (1/20) of its length. See also: Flags of the World - Morocco, description Vexilla Mundi - Morocco Colors from Maroc.ma - Moroccan Flag, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10278102
Sep 8, 2023 CE
Al-Haouz earthquake strikes
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake devastated the Al-Haouz region in the Atlas Mountains, killing nearly 3,000 people and destroying countless villages. Source — Wikipedia, "Morocco":
Hosmint d' tere do Hawse : Amerzgan, onk des viyaedjes les pus distrûts By Lucyin - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=138392405
![Map the Fatimid Empire (chronological)Map drawn acc. to: Euratlas' map of the Fatimid Empire c.1000 [1] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1000 [2] Territories in green represent Hammadid and Zirid realms, resp. indep. in 1018 and 1048 Ian Mladjov's map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 [3] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1100 [4]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/500px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG)
