Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/01. Africa • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Guinea (AI-generated, sourced to Wikipedia).
Chronological Storyline (28 Milestones)
300 CE
Ghana Empire rises
The Ghana Empire emerges in West Africa, its influence reaching into parts of what is now Guinea, dominating trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Map of the Ghana Empire. (German version) By Luxo - Image:BlankMap-World gray.svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1097270
Apr 1, 1235 CE
Battle of Kirina
Sundiata Keita defeats the Sosso ruler Sumanguru Kanté at Kirina, founding the Mali Empire, which incorporates much of Guinea's interior. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Own work, based off of Gomez, M. (2018). African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa (1st ed.). Princeton University Press. P.95 https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400888160 By HetmanTheResearcher - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143761923
1725 CE
Fulani jihad in Futa Jallon
Karamoko Alfa launches a Fulani jihad in the Futa Jallon highlands, establishing the Imamate of Futa Jallon, a theocratic confederation. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Fanion (French millitary flag) created by French when they established a protectorate over the Imamate. used during Dekodrak's work was used as a template for the shapes and lines. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Imamate_of_Futa_Djallon_(1896-1912).svg">Dekodrak</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons This flag improves upon Dekodrak's work by showing the correct colours of the flag. The white background becomes yellow. The light green Arab lettering is changed to dark green. Very minor changes to the French flag's colour. In addition, this flag has sourcing. Source: Lux-Wurm, P. C., & Zaragoza, Martha. (2001). Les drapeaux de l’islam : de Mahomet à nos jours. Buchet-Chastel. P.108. By HetmanTheResearcher - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143805291
1878 CE
Samori Touré builds empire
Samori Touré begins building the Wassoulou Empire, resisting French colonial expansion with a well-organized army and modern firearms. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Possible flag of Samory Touré and the Wassoulou Empire, sourced from Flags of The World (FOTW), which references Lux-Wurm, P. C., & Zaragoza, Martha. (2001). Les drapeaux de l’islam : de Mahomet à nos jours. Buchet-Chastel. P.113. Please note that FOTW users are unsure of the the flag's actual origins, observing that the museums currently hosting the flag instead speculate it came from Syria. By An Encore Performance From The Boys In The Band and HetmanTheResearcher - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4786499
1891 CE
French conquest begins
French colonial forces launch military campaigns against Samori Touré's Wassoulou Empire, beginning the systematic conquest of Guinean territory. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
French conquest begins By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
Sep 29, 1898 CE
Samori Touré captured
Samori Touré is captured by French forces at Guélé, ending organized resistance to colonial conquest in Guinea; he dies in exile two years later. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Samori Touré captured By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=615378
Oct 18, 1904 CE
French West Africa formed
Guinea is formally incorporated into French West Africa as the colony of French Guinea, governed from Dakar under French administration. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Flag of France By Original: Unknown Vector: SKopp - This SVG flag includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this flag:, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60739584
1949 CE
N'ko script created
Solomana Kanté invents the N'ko script in Beyla, Guinea, designed as a writing system for Manding languages and a symbol of cultural identity. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
"N'Ko" in the N'Ko script using the N'Ko font found on [1] By Wierdw123 (talk) - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95963699
Oct 2, 1958 CE
Sékou Touré becomes president
Ahmed Sékou Touré becomes the first president of the Republic of Guinea, establishing a one-party socialist state aligned with the Eastern Bloc. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Ahmed Sekou the first president of Guinea (1960-1984) at the White House with John F Kennedy. By Robert Knudsen. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston - https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2010/Day%2010/JFKWHP-1962-10-10-E, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=134912953
Oct 2, 1958 CE
Independence declared
Guinea votes overwhelmingly to reject Charles de Gaulle's Franco-African Community and becomes the first French African colony to gain independence. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Independence declared By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
1961 CE
Bembeya Jazz National formed
Bembeya Jazz National is founded in Beyla, becoming one of West Africa's most celebrated orchestras and a symbol of Guinean cultural renaissance. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Bembeya Jazz National formed By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
Nov 22, 1970 CE
Portuguese raid on Conakry
Portuguese-led forces launch Operation Mar Verde, raiding Conakry to free Portuguese POWs and attempt to overthrow Sékou Touré, who survives the attack. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Portuguese raid on Conakry By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
1976 CE
Mount Nimba listed by UNESCO
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, straddling Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire, is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its biodiversity. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Photo by John Etherton http://johnetherton.com/gallery/index.php/2009/September/27th---Mount-Nimba By Yakoo1986 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47381003
Mar 26, 1984 CE
Sékou Touré dies
Ahmed Sékou Touré dies during surgery in the United States, ending 26 years of authoritarian socialist rule and triggering a political transition. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Ahmed Sekou the first president of Guinea (1960-1984) at the White House with John F Kennedy. By Robert Knudsen. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston - https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2010/Day%2010/JFKWHP-1962-10-10-E, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=134912953
Apr 3, 1984 CE
Military coup brings Conté
Colonel Lansana Conté seizes power in a bloodless coup days after Touré's death, establishing the Military Committee of National Recovery. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Lansana Conté at the White House in 1988 By White House Television Office - YouTube: President Reagan's Photo Opportunities on October 24-26, 1988 (Time: 12m55s) – View/save archived versions on archive.org, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=185699425
Dec 19, 1993 CE
First multiparty election
Guinea holds its first multiparty presidential election; Lansana Conté wins amid opposition boycotts and allegations of fraud, beginning a contested democratic era. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
The present coat of arms of Guinea was adopted in 1984 and features a dove with a golden olive branch in its beak over a ribbon with "Work justice solidarity". Before 1993, the arms also included a crossed sword and rifle. Previous arms in 1958 featured a red and yellow shield with a green elephant on it. By Coat_of_arms_of_Guinea.svg: Turn685 derivative work: Avenhar - This file was derived from: Coat of arms of Guinea.svg:, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25782404
Jan 10, 2007 CE
General strike and protests
A nationwide general strike against Conté's rule escalates into mass protests; security forces kill over 100 demonstrators, prompting a new prime minister appointment. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
The present coat of arms of Guinea was adopted in 1984 and features a dove with a golden olive branch in its beak over a ribbon with "Work justice solidarity". Before 1993, the arms also included a crossed sword and rifle. Previous arms in 1958 featured a red and yellow shield with a green elephant on it. By Coat_of_arms_of_Guinea.svg: Turn685 derivative work: Avenhar - This file was derived from: Coat of arms of Guinea.svg:, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25782404
Dec 23, 2008 CE
Conté dies, coup follows
President Lansana Conté dies after a long illness; within hours, Captain Moussa Dadis Camara leads a military coup, dissolving the government and constitution. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
The present coat of arms of Guinea was adopted in 1984 and features a dove with a golden olive branch in its beak over a ribbon with "Work justice solidarity". Before 1993, the arms also included a crossed sword and rifle. Previous arms in 1958 featured a red and yellow shield with a green elephant on it. By Coat_of_arms_of_Guinea.svg: Turn685 derivative work: Avenhar - This file was derived from: Coat of arms of Guinea.svg:, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25782404
Sep 28, 2009 CE
Stadium massacre
Security forces open fire on pro-democracy protesters at Conakry's stadium, killing over 150 people and raping dozens, drawing international condemnation. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Stadium massacre By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
Nov 7, 2010 CE
Alpha Condé elected
Long-time opposition leader Alpha Condé wins Guinea's first democratic presidential election, marking the country's first peaceful transfer of power. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Shaded according to winners share of vote. Data from African Elections Database By Incognito melon - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=135954489
Sep 28, 2013 CE
First legislative elections
Guinea holds its first legislative elections since 2002, with Condé's Rally of the Guinean People winning a plurality amid opposition disputes. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
First legislative elections By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
Mar 1, 2014 CE
Ebola outbreak begins
An Ebola virus epidemic originating in Guinea spreads across West Africa, killing over 2,500 in Guinea and devastating communities and health systems. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Simplified 2014 ebola virus epidemic situation map, simplified. Based on: File:2014_ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa.svg By ZeLonewolf - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36564671
Oct 11, 2015 CE
Condé re-elected
Alpha Condé wins a second presidential term in an election boycotted by the opposition, which cited unfair conditions and electoral irregularities. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
The present coat of arms of Guinea was adopted in 1984 and features a dove with a golden olive branch in its beak over a ribbon with "Work justice solidarity". Before 1993, the arms also included a crossed sword and rifle. Previous arms in 1958 featured a red and yellow shield with a green elephant on it. By Coat_of_arms_of_Guinea.svg: Turn685 derivative work: Avenhar - This file was derived from: Coat of arms of Guinea.svg:, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25782404
Mar 22, 2020 CE
Constitutional referendum
A controversial constitutional referendum passes, allowing Condé to seek a third term despite a two-term limit, sparking widespread protests. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
2020 Guinean constitutional referendum results by prefecture and Conakry sub-prefectures By Wowzers122 - Election results from the Constitutional Court (archived) Base map from the Humanitarian Data Exchange, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=134708088
Oct 18, 2020 CE
Condé wins third term
Alpha Condé wins a disputed third presidential term amid opposition boycott and violence, deepening political crisis in Guinea. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Condé wins third term By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=343597
Sep 5, 2021 CE
Doumbouya seizes power
Colonel Mamady Doumbouya leads a military coup overthrowing Alpha Condé, suspending the constitution and dissolving the government. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Parade des militaire dans les rue de Kaloum après le Coup d'état 2021 en Guinée. By Aboubacarkhoraa - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109783162
Oct 1, 2022 CE
Doumbouya sworn in
Mamady Doumbouya is sworn in as transitional president, promising a return to civilian rule within three years under a transitional charter. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Mamadi Doumbouya By Ambassade des Etats-Unis Conakry, Guinée - https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=303743871782884, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121737579
Feb 19, 2024 CE
Government dissolved
Doumbouya dissolves the transitional government without explanation, reshuffling leadership amid delays in the promised democratic transition. Source — Wikipedia, "Guinea":
Mamadi Doumbouya By Ambassade des Etats-Unis Conakry, Guinée - https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=303743871782884, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121737579
!["N'Ko" in the N'Ko script using the N'Ko font found on [1]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NKo-script.svg/500px-NKo-script.svg.png)
