1948 CE
Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener’s cybernetics frames control and feedback across machines and organisms. Source — Wikipedia:
Chronological Storyline (10 Milestones)
1968 CE
Programmable logic controller
Dick Morley’s Modicon PLC automates factory machinery reliably and reprogrammably. Source — Wikipedia:
1980 CE
SCADA industrial control
SCADA systems supervise and control large infrastructure like grids and pipelines remotely. Source — Wikipedia:
1982 CE
First networked appliance
A Carnegie Mellon Coke machine reports its stock over the network — a prototype IoT device. Source — Wikipedia:
1991 CE
The World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee’s Web becomes the integrating layer for global information systems. Source — Wikipedia:
1999 CE
The “Internet of Things” named
Kevin Ashton coins “Internet of Things” for networks of sensing, connected objects. Source — Wikipedia:
2002 CE
Digital twins
Digital-twin models mirror physical assets in real time for simulation and control. Source — Wikipedia:
2006 CE
Cyber-physical systems
The CPS concept unifies computation, networking and physical processes in engineered systems. Source — Wikipedia:
2008 CE
Smart-city platforms
Cities like Singapore and Songdo integrate sensing, data and services into urban operating systems. Source — Wikipedia:
2020 CE
Planetary-scale infrastructure
Hyperscale cloud, satellite constellations and global sensing knit a planetary computing fabric. Source — Wikipedia: