Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/10. Middle East & North Africa • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Syria, sourced from Wikipedia's "Timeline of Syrian history".
Chronological Storyline (43 Milestones)
64 BCE
Roman province
Syria became a Roman (later Byzantine) province. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (1st century BC):
SPQR banner, emblem of the Roman Republic. By Ssolbergj - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2992630
40 BCE
Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
Syria is briefly captured by the Parthian forces under Pacorus I Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (1st century BC):
Coin of Pacorus I of Parthia. Avers King, crowned with a wreath by the Greek goddess of victory Nike. Reverse shows a seated archer holding a bow. Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΩΣ] ΒΑΣΙΛΕ[ΩΝ] [ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ] [Ε]ΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (king of kings Arsaces, bringer of plenty, the just, the illustrious, friend of the Greeks). By Gdr at en.wikipedia - From http://www.parthia.com/coins/pdc_21580.jpg Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot see https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=43263, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16764051
198 CE
Septimius Severus
Emperor Septimius Severus divided Syria into two provinces called Coele Syria and Syria Phoenice. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (2nd century):
Head of Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211 CE) of the Serapis type. Greek marble (head) and green alabaster (bust, does not belong), probably posthumous. By Unknown artist - antmoose (4 June 2005) at https://www.flickr.com/photos/antmoose/17433741/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=390233
526 CE
526 Antioch earthquake
The 526 Antioch earthquake and conflagration destroyed most of the city. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (6th century):
View of the August 2020 Doe Fire (later merged into the August Complex fires), looking south from Forest Highway 7 of the U.S. Mendocino National Forest. By U.S. Forest Service - https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/photograph/6983/6/101396, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93599788
614 CE
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
Syria fell to the Sasanian forces under Shahrbaraz Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (7th century):
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 By Piero della Francesca - The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. ISBN: 3936122202., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156276
636 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine rule over Syria came to an end. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (7th century):
Vector map showing the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) at the end of Justinian's reign in 565 By Mnohohrishnyi - Own work, based mainly on "The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium" by Anthony Kaldellis, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=190907815
661 CE
Umayyad Caliphate
The reign of the Umayyad Caliphate began. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (7th century):
The Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent, in 720, under Caliph Umar II. By Ergovius - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101110977
750 CE
Umayyad Caliphate
The reign of the Umayyad Caliphate ended. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (8th century):
The Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent, in 720, under Caliph Umar II. By Ergovius - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101110977
977 CE
Fatimid Caliphate
Fatimid Caliph Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah conquered Ramla. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (10th century):
Map the Fatimid Empire (chronological)Map drawn acc. to: Euratlas' map of the Fatimid Empire c.1000 [1] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1000 [2] Territories in green represent Hammadid and Zirid realms, resp. indep. in 1018 and 1048 Ian Mladjov's map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 [3] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1100 [4] By Omar-toons - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36397574
994 CE
Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty came to power over Syria. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (10th century):
Map of the Hamdanid amirates of Mosul and Aleppo in 955 AD. By Ro4444 - Own work References: Bianquis, Thierry (1998) "Autonomous Egypt from Ibn ?ulun to Kafur, 868–969" in Petry, Carl F., ed. Cambridge History of Egypt, One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 113−15 ISBN: 0-521-47137-0. OCLC: 43185730. (on the Hamdanid-Ikhshidid border) The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Ed. 12 vols. with supplement and indices. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960-2005. See the articles on the various localities and dynasties listed on the maps, as well as those of the Hamdanid dynasts of the tenth century AD. Miskawaihi. The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate: the Concluding Portion of the Experiences of the Nations, Vol. II. Trans. & ed. H. F. Amedroz and D. S. Margoliouth. London, 1921. passim (English-translated annals covering the period featured), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39231672
1033 CE
Al-Ma'arri
Al-Ma'arri writes "The Epistle of Forgiveness". Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (11th century):
رسم لِأبي العلاء المعرِّي بِريشة جُبران خليل جُبران. By Kahlil Gibran - Scanned image, created by Khalil Gibran., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100226269
1097 CE
First Crusade
First Crusade: The forces of the First Crusade captured Antioch. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (11th century):
Peter the Hermit, miniature from Egerton Manuscript 1500, folio 45 verso, France, 14th c. By Unknown author - Egerton ms. 1500, fol. 45v [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4681497
Mar 1, 1260 CE
Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis, conquered Damascus. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (13th century):
Hulagu Khan. By Rashid-al-Din Hamadani - Cropped from File:HulaguAndDokuzKathun.JPG, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29761770
Sep 1, 1260 CE
Baibars
Baibars, Mamluk Sultan, wages war with the Mongols to recapture Damascus and Aleppo. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (13th century):
Baybars, Medallion IV, Baptistère de Saint-Louis By 14th century artist - Louvre Museum, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145024375
1485 CE
Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans invade Anatolia and Syria, starting the first Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491). Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (15th century):
The Ottoman flag and Turkey Republic Flag of 1844–1935. Late Ottoman flag which was made based on the historical documents listed in the Source section. Note that a five-pointed star was rarely used in the crescent-and-star symbol before the 19th century. By User:Orwellianist - File:German soldiers celebrate Christmas in Ottoman Empire during WW1.jpg File:Nordenfelt submarine Abdülhamid.jpg Ottoman submarine Abdülhamid (1886) File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png Photo from 1908 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/preww1/Bleriot%20XI%20b%20TuAF.jpg - Photo from 1912 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter18.htm (image), alternative link - Photo from 1914 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter21.htm image - Photo from 1914 File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg Photo from 1919 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd12.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd13.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/sakir_feyzi_resimleri2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/S.P.A.D13.JPG - Photo from 1918 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/fiat-r2.jpg - Photo from 1920 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/breguet14b2.jpg - Photo from 1922 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/nieuport27-2.jpg - Photo from 1922 File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0086, Kaiser Wilhelm II in Konstantinopel.jpg File:Ceremony to decolate the flag of 27th Regiment with Imtiyaz Medals.jpg File:Ottoman troops with flag.jpg File:Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn.jpg - Postcard from 1914 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/kararkoy02.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/tepebasi.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.vicmart.com/ext/en/exrw/item=1416 - Ottoman medal from 1850 File:Aff_ciwl_orient_express4_jw.jpg - 1888-1889 season timetable of the Orient Express File:Ottoman conquests.jpg - Ottoman map from 1914, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7112828
1491 CE
Ottoman–Mamluk War
The Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) ends in a stalemate. A peace treaty is signed, returning Mamluk control to the pre-war status quo. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (15th century):
Asia Minor. Including Pontus, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Pisidia, Lycia, Caria, Lydia, Mysia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Phrygia, and Crete. "These color maps are 11" x 13.5" when printed at 300dpi. They were copied from an original 1886 Ginn & Company Classical Atlas designed by mapmaker Keith Johnston. These maps are completely Public Domain and can be used absolutely without restriction or even sold commercially without my permission. (There is slight distortion caused by the age of the original and merging the scans (two scans per map)" Information from https://www.snible.org/greek/ By Alexander Keith Johnston - Ginn & Company Classical Atlas, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8664564
1516 CE
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire established its rule over Syria. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (16th century):
The Ottoman flag and Turkey Republic Flag of 1844–1935. Late Ottoman flag which was made based on the historical documents listed in the Source section. Note that a five-pointed star was rarely used in the crescent-and-star symbol before the 19th century. By User:Orwellianist - File:German soldiers celebrate Christmas in Ottoman Empire during WW1.jpg File:Nordenfelt submarine Abdülhamid.jpg Ottoman submarine Abdülhamid (1886) File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png Photo from 1908 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/preww1/Bleriot%20XI%20b%20TuAF.jpg - Photo from 1912 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter18.htm (image), alternative link - Photo from 1914 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter21.htm image - Photo from 1914 File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg Photo from 1919 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd12.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd13.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/sakir_feyzi_resimleri2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/S.P.A.D13.JPG - Photo from 1918 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/fiat-r2.jpg - Photo from 1920 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/breguet14b2.jpg - Photo from 1922 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/nieuport27-2.jpg - Photo from 1922 File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0086, Kaiser Wilhelm II in Konstantinopel.jpg File:Ceremony to decolate the flag of 27th Regiment with Imtiyaz Medals.jpg File:Ottoman troops with flag.jpg File:Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn.jpg - Postcard from 1914 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/kararkoy02.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/tepebasi.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.vicmart.com/ext/en/exrw/item=1416 - Ottoman medal from 1850 File:Aff_ciwl_orient_express4_jw.jpg - 1888-1889 season timetable of the Orient Express File:Ottoman conquests.jpg - Ottoman map from 1914, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7112828
1918 CE
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire's rule over Syria came to an end. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
The Ottoman flag and Turkey Republic Flag of 1844–1935. Late Ottoman flag which was made based on the historical documents listed in the Source section. Note that a five-pointed star was rarely used in the crescent-and-star symbol before the 19th century. By User:Orwellianist - File:German soldiers celebrate Christmas in Ottoman Empire during WW1.jpg File:Nordenfelt submarine Abdülhamid.jpg Ottoman submarine Abdülhamid (1886) File:Declaration of the 1908 Revolution in Ottoman Empire.png Photo from 1908 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/preww1/Bleriot%20XI%20b%20TuAF.jpg - Photo from 1912 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter18.htm (image), alternative link - Photo from 1914 http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book2/chapter21.htm image - Photo from 1914 File:SultanahmetMitingi.jpg Photo from 1919 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd12.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/gothawd13.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/sakir_feyzi_resimleri2.jpg - Photo from 1915 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/ww1/S.P.A.D13.JPG - Photo from 1918 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/fiat-r2.jpg - Photo from 1920 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/breguet14b2.jpg - Photo from 1922 http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/nieuport27-2.jpg - Photo from 1922 File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0086, Kaiser Wilhelm II in Konstantinopel.jpg File:Ceremony to decolate the flag of 27th Regiment with Imtiyaz Medals.jpg File:Ottoman troops with flag.jpg File:Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn.jpg - Postcard from 1914 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/kararkoy02.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.osmanzengin.com/ESKi__iSTANBUL/tepebasi.jpg - Postcard from 1920 http://www.vicmart.com/ext/en/exrw/item=1416 - Ottoman medal from 1850 File:Aff_ciwl_orient_express4_jw.jpg - 1888-1889 season timetable of the Orient Express File:Ottoman conquests.jpg - Ottoman map from 1914, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7112828
Apr 1, 1920 CE
San Remo conference
San Remo conference: The conference partitioned the Ottoman Empire, establishing a French mandate in Syria and Lebanon. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Delegates to the San Remo conference in Italy, 25 April 1920 By Unknown author - eipa.eu.com, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46364985
Jul 1, 1925 CE
Great Syrian Revolt
Great Syrian Revolt: Revolts started against French rule. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
The march statue, a monument created by the Julani artist Hassan Khater, was erected in the city of Majdal Shams on the 4th of April 1987 in commemoration of the heroes of the Great Syrian Revolution against the French colonialists in 1925. By Alatrash Khaldoun - https://www.flickr.com/photos/152252669@N04/37434741400/, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114126540
Sep 1, 1936 CE
Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
The National Bloc signing the Franco-Syrian Treaty with Blum in Paris in 1936. From left to right a French statesman, Mustapha al-Shihabi, Saadallah al-Jabiri, Jamil Mardam Bey, Hashim al-Atasi signing, and Leon Blum. By Historian - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4898778
1939 CE
Alexandretta
The monks of Alexandretta and Antioch were ceded to Turkey by the French. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Photo of shoreline in Iskenderun including backdrop of mountains. By Locus1891 - Personal photo from balcony, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21987023
Jan 1, 1946 CE
Syria was recognized as an independent
Syria was recognized as an independent republic. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Apr 17, 1946 CE
French Fourth Republic
French troops evacuated Syria. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Flag of France By Original: Unknown Vector: SKopp - This SVG flag includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this flag:, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60739584
1947 CE
Baʿth Party
The first Baʿth Party congress was held in Damascus. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Flag of the Arab Socialist Baath (or, more accurately, Ba'th) Party (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي Ḥizb al-Baʿth al-ʿArabī al-Ishtirākī) By Drawn by User:Darz Mol. - Own work., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1803289
1948 CE
1948 Arab–Israeli War
1948 Arab–Israeli War: Syria was involved in the war. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Israel) Photographs;התחנה המרכזית (תל אביב) Photographs By Benno Rothenberg - This image is available from National Library of Israel under the digital ID: 997008136796005171, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113320395
Feb 1, 1958 CE
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR) was formed by the union of Syria and Egypt. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
It is easy to put a border around this flag image By See File history below for details. For further informations, see also: en:Syrian Arab Republic and the en:United Arab Republic. - Syria Permanent Mission to the United Nations; FOTW BASED ON THIS CONSTRUCTION SHEET:, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=448257
Sep 28, 1961 CE
United Arab Republic
Following a military coup Syria seceded from the UAR, reestablishing itself as the Syrian Arab Republic. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
It is easy to put a border around this flag image By See File history below for details. For further informations, see also: en:Syrian Arab Republic and the en:United Arab Republic. - Syria Permanent Mission to the United Nations; FOTW BASED ON THIS CONSTRUCTION SHEET:, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=448257
Jun 5, 1967 CE
Six-Day War
Six-Day War: A war with Israel began. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Arab territories gained by Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. By Zvikorn - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85363862
Nov 13, 1970 CE
Hafez al-Assad
Minister of Defense Hafez al-Assad effected a bloodless military coup and assumed the role of President. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Syrian president Hafez al-Assad on a official portrait. By Government of Syria - http://www.discover-syria.com/photo/14569/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47867155
Oct 6, 1973 CE
Yom Kippur War
Yom Kippur War: Syria and Egypt fought against Israel. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Self-made line drawing of a map of Israel's territories before and after the Yom Kippur War. By Raul654 - Source of line drawing: Now-deleted image Jom kippur war.jpg which was originally uploaded to the polish Wikipedia at Jom kippur war.jpg -- Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Izraela, za zgodÄ… Ambasady Izraela w Polsce. -- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel, with the permission of Israel Embassy in Poland, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2848963
May 1, 1974 CE
Syria and Israel signed a disengagement
Syria and Israel signed a disengagement agreement. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
1976 CE
Syrian occupation of Lebanon
Syrian occupation of Lebanon: The Syrian occupation of Lebanon began. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Syrian BMP-1 column in Lebanon during Lebanese civil war, 1976-2000. By Unknown author - https://en.topwar.ru/30014-siriyskie-bmp-1-40-let-v-voynah.html, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=159699529
Feb 1, 1982 CE
Muslim Brotherhood
A Muslim Brotherhood uprising in Hama was suppressed by the military. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Current emblem of the Muslim Brotherhood By Xi Knight - Own work based on: onstorage.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/ikhwan logo.jpg and ikhwanonline.com, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121537345
1990 CE
Saddam Hussein
Syria participated in a United States-led multinational coalition against Saddam Hussein. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (20th century):
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is about to deliver a speech on occasion of 10th anniversary of the end of Iran-Iraq War. By Iraqi News Agency - Getty Images, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54584022
Syrian president Hafez al-Assad on a official portrait. By Government of Syria - http://www.discover-syria.com/photo/14569/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47867155
Oct 5, 2003 CE
Ain es Saheb airstrike
Ain es Saheb airstrike: Israel bombed a site near Damascus. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Damascus was built in a strategic site on a plateau 680 m above sea level and about 80 km inland from the Mediterranean. Damascus, Syria. By Vyacheslav Argenberg - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99694669
2005 CE
Lebanon
Syrian occupation of Lebanon: Syria withdrew from Lebanon. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Flag of Lebanon. By Henri Pharaon - Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=433207
Sep 6, 2007 CE
Operation Orchard
Operation Orchard: Israel bombed a target in the area of Deir ez-Zor. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Before and after picture of building struck during Operation Orchard in Syria... ((one of the photos should be rotated 180 degrees)) By US government - Found at CNN but released by US government., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3939348
Oct 1, 2008 CE
Lebanon
Syria established diplomatic relations with Lebanon. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Flag of Lebanon. By Henri Pharaon - Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=433207
Jan 26, 2011 CE
Syrian Revolution
Syrian Revolution: Anti-government protests began in Syria. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Demonstration in Homs, Syria against Al Assad regime in the Syrian Uprising By Bo yaser - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19174987
Sep 30, 2015 CE
Russia carries out its first air
Russia carries out its first air strikes in Syria. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Apr 7, 2017 CE
Donald Trump
Donald Trump orders a missile attack on an airbase from which Syrian government planes allegedly staged a chemical weapons attack on Khan Shaykhun. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Syrian history" (21st century):
Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump in his second term By Daniel Torok - White HouseFacebook, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=191054204
![Coin of Pacorus I of Parthia. Avers King, crowned with a wreath by the Greek goddess of victory Nike. Reverse shows a seated archer holding a bow. Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΩΣ] ΒΑΣΙΛΕ[ΩΝ] [ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ] [Ε]ΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (king of kings Arsaces, bringer of plenty, the just, the illustrious, friend of the Greeks).](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Coin_of_Pacorus_I_of_Parthia.jpg)
![Map the Fatimid Empire (chronological)Map drawn acc. to: Euratlas' map of the Fatimid Empire c.1000 [1] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1000 [2] Territories in green represent Hammadid and Zirid realms, resp. indep. in 1018 and 1048 Ian Mladjov's map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 [3] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1100 [4]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/500px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG)
