Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/08. South Asia • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Pakistan, sourced from Wikipedia's "Timeline of Pakistani history".
Chronological Storyline (84 Milestones)
3500 BCE
Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Mature phases of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, also called Indus script. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[35th century BCE]]):
Impression of an Indus Valley seal, showing an "Indus script" string of five characters (British Museum, 2005 photograph) By PHGCOM IndusValleySeals.JPG - IndusValleySeals.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5243844
2700 BCE
Harappa
The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole region of modern-day Pakistan, covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[27th century BCE]]):
This is a photo of a monument in Pakistan identified as the By Muhammad Bin Naveed - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35609614
2500 BCE
Indus Valley civilization
The culture, artichetere, technology and educational system of Indus Valley civilization reached at its zenith with Harappa and Kot Diji as main centres. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[25th century BCE]]):
Sources: McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2. Background from http://www2.demis.nl/mapserver/mapper.asp By Avantiputra7 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33202416
1900 BCE
Late Harappan Phase (Cemetery H Culture)
Late Harappan Phase (Cemetery H Culture) Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[19th century BCE]]):
1300 BCE
Cemetery H culture
Cemetery H culture comes to an end Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century BCE]]):
Cemetery H culture By Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=883227
1000 BCE
Middle and Late Vedic period (to
Middle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE) Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[10th century BCE]]):
600 BCE
Mahajanapadas
Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[6th century BCE]]):
Map of places mentioned in ancient Buddhist Texts (like Anguttara Nikaya), Ramayana and Mahabharata. Sources: (2005) The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C. - 2000 A.D., Oxford University Press, p. xxxviii ISBN: 978-0-19-927579-3. Approximate boundaries are described by H.C. Raychaudhuri (p. 96-150), and https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA386 Habib, Irfan, and Habib, Faiz (1995). "A Map of India 600-320 B.C." in Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 56, pp. 95–104. www.jstor.org/stable/44158590 Kenoyer, J. M. (1995), “Interaction Systems, Specialised Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia”, in G. Erdosy, The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture, and Ethnicity, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110144475 Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972), Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty, Calcutta: University of Calcutta. Schwartzberg, J. E. (1992), A Historical Atlas of South Asia: University of Oxford Press Singh, U. (2009), A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Delhi: Longman, ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9 Background from http://www2.demis.nl/mapserver/mapper.asp By Avantiputra7 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33202412
535 BCE
List of monarchs of Persia
Achaemenid Emperors launched Persian campaign of Indus Valley and in result parts of modern-day Pakistan became easternmost part of Achaemenid Empire Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[6th century BCE]]):
Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran By Original creator: Sodacan Uploader: RepublikBjodeflag1956 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=164650485
500 BCE
Achaemenid Empire
Persian rule is at its zenith. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[5th century BCE]]):
Achaemenid Empire 500 BCE By Cattette - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113179532
500 BCE
Rohri
Roruka as capital of Sauvira Kingdom become most important trading center of Indian subcontinent, also mentioned in early Buddhist literature. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[5th century BCE]]):
This is a photo of a monument in Pakistan identified as the By Ibaadnaqvi - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51692371
500 BCE
Gandhara Civilization
Gandhara Civilization at first stage of its flourishness. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[6th century BCE]]):
333 BCE
Wars of Alexander the Great
Persian rule in the Pakistan ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century BCE]]):
Alexander Mosaic (detail), House of the Faun, Pompeii By Unknown author - The Guardian (DEA/G Nimatallah/De Agostini/Getty Images), Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35067658
326 BCE
Ambhi
Ambhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century BCE]]):
Taxiles offering presents to Alexander By François Verdier 1651 Paris 1730 - [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75945629
325 BCE
Mallian Campaign
During the Mallian Campaign, Alexander was seriously wounded by an arrow in the chest and this became reason of his death. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century BCE]]):
Mallian Campaign By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1571693
321 BCE
Mauryan Empire
Mauryan Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century BCE]]):
Maurya Empire conceptualized as a network of cities. Based on File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE.png, which was made by Avantiputra7. Uncontrolled areas Original map, with large uncontrolled areas, based on: Kulke and Rothermund, A History of India. Network based on Smith (2005), Networks, Territories, and the Cartography of Ancient States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 95 (4): 832–849. Neywork of core areas and trade and communication routes Maurya Empire as a network of core areas connected by communication and trade routes: Smith (2005), Networks, Territories, and the Cartography of Ancient States" (PDF). Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 95 (4): 832–849 Coningham and Young (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press, following Smith's example. Gedrosia Ceded territory of Gedrosia based on Smith (1914) and Tarn (1922), who limit the ceded territory to the Malin mountain range (Hingol river). Kosmin, Paul J. (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, p.16: "Desert of Gedrosia [...] was left an unclaimed wilderness." Lower Indus Valley Coningham & Young, p.452-453, question the extent of control over the lower Indus Valley and eastern Afghanistan, noting that "a growing number of of researchers would now agree that the Ashokan edicts may have represented 'an area of maximum contact rather than streamlined bureacrayic control'." Allchin, F. R. (1995). "The Mauryan State and Empire". In Allchin, F. R. (ed.). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–221; p.208 also notes the absence of major cities in the lower Indus valley. Malcolm Robert Haig (1894), The Indus Delta Country: A Memoir, Chiefly on Its Ancient Geography and History, p.24: "the general rising of the northern peoples headed by Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of Pataliputra, followed in rapid succession. The Lower Indus Valley now became free from foreign rule, and the local chiefs were no doubt left to their own devices. Nominally the territory may have been a dependency of the Mauryan kingdom, but, separated from the main body of that kingdom by a wide expanse of desert, and at a vast distance from the capital on the Ganges, its tie of allegiance must have been of the slightest. This independence, or semi-independence, lasted under no doubt varying degrees of definiteness […] till […] Demetrius, in the second century B.C., invaded Patalene in force and completely subjected it to Bactria." Gujarat Chakrabarty (2010), p.29: "We are assuming that the basic historical-geographical configuration of the Magadhan power was achieved before the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, whose founder Chandragupta Maurya simply added to it the stretch from the Indus valley to the southern foot of the Hindukush, giving the Mauryan India a strong foothold in the Oxus to the Indus interaction zone of Indian history. The evidence is in some cases, as in the cases of Gujarat, Bengal, and Assam, shadowy, but if Chandragupta had undertaken expeditions in these directions, there would have been echoes of these expeditions in the literary traditions." Traditionial map File:Ashoka Maurya Empire.png For 'traditional' maps, which exaggerate the territory of the Mauryan empire, see File:Ashoka Maurya Empire.png, which has a neat overview of sources and maps describing and portraying this 'maximalized extent'. By Joshua Jonathan - This image has been extracted from another file, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155238666
305 BCE
Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century BCE]]):
Lomas Rishi entrance By Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia - Clean up of this file:, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68904033
304 BCE
Balochistan
Seleucus gives up his territories (Balochistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century BCE]]):
The region of Balochistan (shown in dark green) on the globe By JohnGold6000 - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=169423159
200 BCE
Gandhara Civilization
Gandhara Civilization (present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) flourished in new way by combination of Hellenistic culture and Ancient Indian culture. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[2nd century BCE]]):
River Swat near Fizaghat, KPK. By Kashif Ghazi - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40406780
75 BCE
Scythians
Arrival of Scythians (Sakas) from Central Asia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[1st century BCE]]):
Extent of the Scythian kingdom in Western Asia and Europe By Antiquistik - Own work based on: Barnett, R. D. (1991) "Urartu" in The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 314–371 ISBN: 978-1-139-05428-7. Batty, Roger (2007) Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 204−214 ISBN: 978-0-198-14936-1. Brinkman (1991) "Babylonia in the Shadow of Assyria" in The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1−70 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4. Diakonoff, I. M. (1985) "Media" in The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume, 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 978-0-521-20091-2. Grayson, A. K. (1991) "Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon" in The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–141 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4. Grousset, René (1970) The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers University Press ISBN: 0-8135-1304-9. Harmatta, János (1996) "The Scythians" in History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., 3, UNESCO, pp. 181–182 ISBN: 923102812X. Hawkins, J. D. (1991) "The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia" in The Cambridge Ancient History, 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 372−441 ISBN: 978-1-139-05428-7. Ivantchik, Askold (1993) (in French) Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient, Fribourg, Switzerland; Göttingen, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Germany) ISBN: 978-3-727-80876-0. Ivantchik, Askold (2018). Scythians. Encyclopædia Iranica. Loehr, Max (1955). "The Stag Image in Scythia and the Far East". Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America 9: 63-76. Chinese Art Society of America. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000) "Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations" in Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, pp. 101–140 ISBN: 978-8-371-88337-8. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000) "The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources" in Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, pp. 71−99 ISBN: 978-8-371-88337-8. Phillips, E. D. (1972). "The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology". World Archaeology 4 (2): 129–138. DOI:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527. Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978). "The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications". Journal of the American Oriental Society 98 (4): 400–409. DOI:10.2307/599752. Spalinger, Anthony (1978). "Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 15: 49–57. DOI:10.2307/40000130. Sulimirski, T. (1954). "Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia". Artibus Asiae 17 (3): 282-318. Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae Publishers. ; Tadeusz Sulimirski, T. F. Taylor (1991) "The Scythians" in The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 547–590 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4. Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R. (1991). Cimmerians. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vaggione, Richard P. (1973). "Over All Asia? The Extent of the Scythian Domination in Herodotus". Journal of Biblical Literature 92 (4): 523-530. DOI:10.2307/3263121. Young, T. Cuyler (1988) "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses" in The Cambridge Ancient History, 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–52 ISBN: 978-0-521-22804-6. Background from [1], CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=122424291
58 BCE
Vikram Samvat
Beginning of Vikram Era. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[1st century BCE]]):
43 BCE
archaeological site
The archaeological site of Riwat 55 dates back to this period. It is modern form of Early Riwat Site. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[Upper Paleolithic]]):
archaeological site By Unknown author, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3854207
20 CE
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Indo-Parthian Kingdom was established and conquered present northern Pakistan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[1st century]] {{anchor|1st millennium}}):
35 CE
Western Satraps
Western Satraps formed. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[1st century]] {{anchor|1st millennium}}):
68 CE
Kushan Empire
Establishment of the Kushan Empire by Kujula Kadphises. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[1st century]] {{anchor|1st millennium}}):
Map of the Kushan Empire By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan. Reference: Schwartzberg Atlas, v. , p. 145. Map g - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115482936
100 CE
Punjab, Pakistan
Sugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in Punjab. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[2nd century]]):
This is a photo of a monument in Pakistan identified as the By Muddiii - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51901327
240 CE
Gupta
Sri Gupta starts the establishment of Gupta Empire in Indian subcontinent (including present Pakistan). Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[3rd century]]):
Coin of the Gupta king Chandragupta II By PHGCOM - self-made, photographed at the British Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2237604
260 CE
Kushan Empire
Kushans decline and are dominated by Indo-Sassanians. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[3rd century]]):
Map of the Kushan Empire By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan. Reference: Schwartzberg Atlas, v. , p. 145. Map g - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115482936
320 CE
Chandragupta I
Chandragupta I ascends the throne of Gupta Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century]]):
A gold coin depicting Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I. Numismatist John Allan believed these coins were issued by their son Samudragupta to commemorate his parents, but the later scholars have attributed the issue of these coins to Chandragupta I. See Chandragupta I#Coinage and Samudragupta#Coinage on English Wikipedia. By Uploadalt - Own work, photographed at the British Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12232296
320 CE
Kidarite Kingdom
Kidarite Kingdom came to power in the region of modern-day Pakistan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century]]):
335 CE
Samudragupta
Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century]]):
Coin of the Gupta king Samudragupta. By PHGCOM - File:SamudraguptaCoin.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=130095209
380 CE
Chandragupta II
Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[4th century]]):
Coin of the Gupta king Chandragupta II By PHGCOM - self-made, photographed at the British Museum, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2237604
450 CE
Hephthalite Empire
White Huns (Hephthalites) attacked Gandhara, sacked its cities and burnt down its many monasteries and centres of learning. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[5th century]]):
524 CE
Rai dynasty
Rai dynasty come to power in the region of Sindh. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[6th century]]):
Jinnah Mausoleum is located in Karachi, Pakistan. It is also know as Mazaar e Quaid. It is the final rest place of Great leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Founder of Pakistan By M.irfan44 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43347958
554 CE
Gupta Empire
Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of Skandagupta. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[6th century]]):
Map of the Gupta Empire Reference: Map of the Gupta Empire circa 420 CE, according to Joseph E. Schwartzberg, with contemporary polities, in (1978) A Historical atlas of South Asia, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 145, map XIV.1 (j); p.25 ISBN: 0226742210. By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan. - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115192511
565 CE
Sassanians
Sassanians and Turks overthrow Huns. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[6th century]]):
Simorgh or Senmurv, The Mythology of Persia By Shaahin - Own work .mw-parser-output .messagebox{margin:4px 0;width:auto;border-collapse:collapse;border:2px solid var(--border-color-progressive,#6485d1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#fbfcff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);box-sizing:border-box;border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .mbox-warning,.mw-parser-output .mbox-speedy{border:2px solid var(--border-color-error,#b22222);background:var(--background-color-error-subtle,#ffdbdb);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-serious,.mw-parser-output .mbox-delete,.mw-parser-output .mbox-stop{border:2px solid var(--border-color-error,#b22222);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-issue,.mw-parser-output .mbox-content{border:2px solid #f28500;background:var(--background-color-warning-subtle,#ffe);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-query,.mw-parser-output .mbox-style{border:2px solid #f4c430;background:var(--background-color-warning-subtle,#ffe);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-shit{border:2px solid #960;border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-license{border:2px solid #88a;border-inline-start-width:initial}.mw-parser-output .mbox-legal{border:2px solid var(--border-color-notice,#666);background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-honor{border:2px solid #ca3;background:var(--background-color-warning-subtle,#fcf4db);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-growth{border:2px solid #8d4;background:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#d5fdf4);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-move{border:2px solid #93c;border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .mbox-protection,.mw-parser-output .mbox-message{border:2px solid var(--border-color-base,#aaa);border-inline-start-width:8px}.mw-parser-output .messagebox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .messagebox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .messagebox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .messagebox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.messagebox img{max-width:none!important}This insignia has not been confirmed to be correct because it is lacking important source information: Please edit this file's description and provide a proper source.HELP: (1) The picture claims to be authentic. As such, “own work” is no proper source by itself. If applicable, any provided source(s) doesn't show an original depiction nor an original description, and therefore may violate NPOV (neutral point of view) by being original research. (2) For coat of arms please use the blazon and/or the picture of an original interpretation to provide an adequate source, but at least one or more references to literature. (3) If this depiction is a derivative please use the Template: Derived from to avoid sequence errors, to make this work more transparent for others to view and investigate, and to avoid an infringement of the copyright licence., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5175373
601 CE
Rai dynasty
Rai dynasty reached at its zenith and covered whole of Pakistan and Afghanistan with the capital of Aror, Sindh. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[7th century]]):
Flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban), introduced in 1997 By Original: Taliban Vector: Lexicon - The ratio is 1:2, according to the September 1997 Amendments to the Flag Law. The script of the Shahada is not specified in the flag law and varies (see 'other versions' below). This design is one of the most common, and is featured on the Taliban's official website, on a mural at the old U.S. Embassy, and is raised over the presidential palace and Kabul airport., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109146438
632 CE
Brahman dynasty of Sindh
Brahman dynasty come into power and Chach of Aror become Maharaja of Sindh. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[7th century]]):
Map of the Chachas circa 650 CE By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan. Reference: [1] - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115339576
644 CE
Islam
Islam arrived in Indian subcontinent. Rashidun Caliphate defeated Rai dynasty in the Battle of Rasil and Balochistan become easternmost frontier of Rashidun Caliphate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[7th century]]):
The Kaabah (Kaaba) is located in the Masjid Al-Haram in Makkah (Mecca, Saudi Arabia). This photo was taken during the 2018 Hajj Season. Performing hajj is one of the pillars of Islam and required once for those who can afford to do it. Here the hajj pilgrims are performing the 'tawaf' around the Kaabah. By Adli Wahid Minor modifications made by Basile Morin, from the original version. - File:The Kaaba during Hajj.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157575049
665 CE
Turk Shahi
Turk Shahi gained control west of the Indus River, including Gandhara. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[7th century]]):
The deepest canyon in the world, the Indus Gorge with Nanga Parbat, the world's 9th highest mountain rising to the south.The Silk Route (Near Gilgit), Pakistan By Heavyrunner - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25743382
671 CE
Chandar of Sindh
At the death of Chach of Alor, the Brahmin dynasty reached its zenith and he was succeeded by his brother Chandar of Sindh. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[7th century]]):
679 CE
Raja Dahir
Chandar of Sindh died and succeeded by his nephew Raja Dahir, last Hindu Maharaja of Sindh. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[7th century]]):
Map of the Chachas circa 650 CE By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan. Reference: [1] - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115339576
712 CE
Muhammad Bin Qasim
Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir and established Umayyad Islamic rule on Sindh and southern Punjab (Multan) on the orders of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[8th century]]):
ISLAMIC, Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Suleiman ibn 'Abd al-Malik. AH 96-99 / AD 715-717. AR Dirham (27mm, 2.85 g, 6h). al-Hind (Multan?) mint. Dated AH 97 (AD 715/6). First portion of the kalimat at-tawḥīd: lā ilāha illā-llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lahu (there is no god except Allah, and one [is] he; (there is) no partner to him) in three lines; in outer margin, b-ismi-llāh zarb hazā al-dirham bi-lhind fī sanat seb’ wa tisi’īn (in the name of Allah struck this dirham in al-Hind in the year seven and ninety (after the Hijra)) / Sura 112 (al-ikhlas) Āllah ahad Āllah āl-samad lam yalīd wa lam yalūd (Allah [is] One; Allah [is] the Eternal, the Absolute; not begetting and not begotten) in three lines; in outer margin, the “Umayyad Second Symbol” (Sura 9 [al-tauba]:33): muḥammadur rasūlu-llāh arsalahu bi-’lhudā wa dīn al-haqq lī-yuzhirahu ’ala al-dīn kollihi walau kariha al-mushrikūn (Muhammad is the messenger of Allah; him He sent with guidance and true faith to make it prevail over all other faiths even though the polytheists may hate it). Klat –; SICA 2 –; Album 131; ICV –. VF, toned, a few deposits. Extremely rare mint. Ex Numismatica Genevensis SA VIII (24 November 2014), lot 238. Beginning with the Rashidun (AH 31-41 [AD 632-661]), the Muslims began to expand their conquests into modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Comprising the kingdoms of Kapisa-Gandhara, Zabulistan, and Sindh, this territory, which since ancient times had culturally and politically been a part of India, was considered by the Muslims as the frontier of al-Hind (as India was known to them). Because these early invasions proved to be difficult, the caliph ‘Uthman ibn Affan (AH 23-35 [AD 644-656]) forbade any further expansion into India. From this point until well into the Umayyad Caliphate, the prolonged struggle between the rulers of Kabul and Zabul with the Muslim governors of Sistan, Khurasan and Makran resulted in a strategy by the Arabs to exact tribute from these rulers, rather than by conquest, thus stalling Muslim expansion into these areas. ��The Umayyads, under their caliph Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan, once again attempted to expand into India. Launching several campaigns over the next three decades, these frontier provinces remained as impenetrable as they had for the Rashidun, and once again, the Arabs relied on tribute. The pirate activity from ports in Sindh against Muslim shipping, however, provided an opportunity. The Viceroy of the East, al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf, ordered his son-in-law, Muhammad bin al-Qasim al-Thaqafi, to deal with the pirates. Mounting an expedition by land and sea, the Umayyad general conquered the port of al-Daybul in AH 92 (AD 711/2). Exercising clemency to the local Hindus, Muhammad bin al-Qasim was able to make the city a bridghead of Muslim expansion inward, and it was in this city that the Umayyads began to mint the first dirhams on the Indian subcontinent three years later. ��From al-Daybul until his death in AH 97 (AD 715), Muhammad bin al-Qasim and his army advanced along the Indus River, eventually conquering all of Sindh. In AH 93/4 (AD 712), he took the city of Multan from Chach of Alor after a two-month siege. Although, an adept general at the age of 20, Muhammad bin al-Qasim wa ill-fated by his association with al-Hajjaj and the caliph, al-Walid I.��A wealthy city, Multan probably became the Umayyad governor’s seat and it was probably here that this dirham was struck (similar to the Ummayad al-Andalus mint issues being actually struck at Qurduba [Cordoba]). Owing to is fine style, the dies for this issue were probably imported from outside in preparation for the first issue of tribute to be sent back to Dimashq or Wasit. By CNG Coins - CNG Coins Coin from Coin, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115347068
747 CE
List of caliphal governors of Sind
Umayyad Era finished and Abbasid Era begins. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[8th century]]):
841 CE
Habbari dynasty
Dynastic rule of Habbaris over Sindh begin under suzerainty of Abbasid Caliphate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[9th century]]):
Map of the Habbarid Emirate By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan.Contouring and city names: Cattette - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115401979
870 CE
Hindu Shahi
Hindu Shahis captured Kingdom of Kabul Shahi and expanded their rule in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and Punjab. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[9th century]]):
River Swat near Fizaghat, KPK. By Kashif Ghazi - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40406780
875 CE
Balochistan, Pakistan
Habbari dynasty rule expanded over whole of Sindh, Southern Balochistan and southern Punjab (Multan). Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[9th century]]):
This is a photo of a monument in Pakistan identified as the By Balochlens - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51722068
977 CE
Sabuktigin
Sabuktigin of Ghaznavid dynasty defeated many times Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala and became ruler of domains east of the Indus River. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[10th century]]):
Coin of the Ghaznavid amir Sabuktigin, citing the Samanid amir Nuh I as his overlord. Date unknown, minted at Ghazna. By Classical Numismatic Group; [1] - https://auctions.cngcoins.com/lots/view/4-CPZPZE/ghaznavids-nasir-al-dawla-sebuktigin-ah-366-387-ad-977-997-ar-dirham-175mm-264-g-12h-citing-samanid-nuh-b-mansur-as-overlord-unnamed-ghazna-mint-undated-issue-good-fine, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=148459040
1001 CE
Mahmud Ghazni
Mahmud Ghazni defeated Raja Jayapala of Hindu Shahi; after that Jayapala commits suicide. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[11th century]] {{anchor|2nd millennium}}):
Mahmud of Ghazni, Ghaznavid ruler, conquering Qasdar (modern Khuzdar) in India, miniature from the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din Il-Khanid Tabriz Ms Or 20 f.108v By 1314-15 - [1] Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin, Ghaznavid ruler, conquering Qasdar (modern Khuzdar) in India, miniature from the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din Il-Khanid Tabriz Ms Or 20 f.108v, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=181049706
1021 CE
Punjab
Mahmud Ghazni defeats Raja Tarnochalpal and Punjab becomes part of Ghaznavid dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[11th century]] {{anchor|2nd millennium}}):
illustrating the Punjab region By Apuldram - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25050504
1030 CE
Alberuni
Alberuni arrives in Indian subcontinent; death of Mahmud Ghazni. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[11th century]] {{anchor|2nd millennium}}):
USSR stamp, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 6 copecks, 1973. By The original uploader was Romanm at Slovenian Wikipedia. - Originally from sl.wikipedia; description page is/was here., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2590841
1058 CE
Muslim Rajput
Muslim Rajput Soomra Dynasty ends the rule of Habbari dynasty and starts to rule on the behave of Abbasid Caliph. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[11th century]] {{anchor|2nd millennium}}):
Map of the Habbarid Emirate By Map created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan.Contouring and city names: Cattette - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=115401979
1092 CE
Zainab Tari
Reign of Zainab Tari begins; first absolute female ruler in the history of South Asia as well as only female who ruled Sindh. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[11th century]] {{anchor|2nd millennium}}):
South Asia By user:Serg!o - India (orthographic projection).svg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8038972
1175 CE
Muhammad Ghori
Muhammad of Ghurid dynasty defeats Qarmatians rulers of Multan in 1175. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[12th century]]):
Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206 By CNG Coins - CNG Coins Coin from CNG coins. Used with permission (CNG coin [1]) Coin, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114801026
1186 CE
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
Muhammad Ghori along with Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ends the rule of Ghaznavid dynasty after having captured Lahore. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[12th century]]):
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. By Ninara - https://www.flickr.com/photos/ninara/41995936650/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75296855
1191 CE
Prithviraj Chauhan
"Victory of Prithviraj Chauhan". First Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj III. Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[12th century]]):
Posthumous painting depicting Prithviraja III (popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora) of the Chauhan (Chahamana) dynasty seated on a terrace leaning against a bolster from Kota; photograph courtesy of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The painting is found as the frontispiece of one of Royal Asiatic Society’s 'Prithviraj Raso' manuscripts. A similar painting can be found at: link By Unknown author - [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156915896
1192 CE
Second Battle of Tarain
"Victory of Muhammad Ghori". Second Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammad Ghori and Prithivi Raj Chauhan III. Chauhan is defeated by Muhammad Ghori. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[12th century]]):
The last stand of Rajputs against Muhammadans in 1192 A.D., signed Alan Stewart. reference Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithiviraj (Raj Pithora) of Ajmer and Delhi. Painted specially for this work From Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing Egyptians, the Chinese,the Indians, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor. By Allan Stewart - Internet Archive identifier: hutchinsonsstory00londuoft p.155, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20046518
1193 CE
Qutb al-Din Aibak
Qutb al-Din Aibak becomes deputy of Ghurid Empire in Indian subcontinent. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[12th century]]):
Grave of Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak, Lahore By Muhammad Umair Mirza - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56802122
Mar 15, 1206 CE
Khukhrain
Khukhrains kill Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206 By CNG Coins - CNG Coins Coin from CNG coins. Used with permission (CNG coin [1]) Coin, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114801026
Jun 12, 1206 CE
Ghurid Empire
End of Ghurid Era. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Jun 25, 1206 CE
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Qutb-ud-din Aibak establishes Delhi Sultanate by becoming first Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate from Mamluk dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Grave of Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak, Lahore By Muhammad Umair Mirza - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56802122
Nov 1, 1210 CE
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Qutb-ud-din Aibak died while playing polo. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Grave of Sultan Qutb al-Din Aibak, Lahore By Muhammad Umair Mirza - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56802122
Dec 1, 1210 CE
Aram Shah
Aram Shah becomes new Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Aram Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881). This particular volume is kept in the collection of the Museum of Folk and Tribal Art in Gurugram. Description (via: [1]): Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri, Delhi, 1881: Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri [Hindustani title, i.e. 'Histories of the Ghurids'], Delhi: Mayur Press, 1881, 48 pp. (p. 20 misnumbered 28), text in Hindustani, lithographed throughout, 9 albumen print photographs from miniatures of Indian sultans, each 10 x 6 cm and mounted on separate leaf within lithographic floral border and caption, 8vo (24.2 x 14.5 cm). Image source: [2] By PadFoot2008 - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=156335345
Jun 1, 1211 CE
Iltutmish
Shams ud-Din Iltutmish defeats Aram Shah in the Battle of Delhi and become third Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Islamic Sultanates. Delhi. Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish. AH 607-633 AD 1210-1235. AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type. By CNG Coins - CNG Coins Coin from CNG coins. Used with permission (CNG coin [1]) Coin, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114810355
1221 CE
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan invades Punjab during rule of Iltutmish. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Taizu, better known as Genghis Khan. By Unknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126191
Apr 30, 1236 CE
Rukn ud din Firuz
Iltutmish dies and Rukn ud din Firuz become fourth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Bull & Horseman Type Jital of Rukn al-Din Firoz By Mohammed Tariq - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39665838
Oct 10, 1236 CE
Razia Sultana
Razia Sultana abolishes the rule of Rukn ud din Firuz and become fifth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Painting of Razia Sultana (alt. known as 'Sultan Razia' or 'Sultana Razia Begum') of the Delhi Sultanate, from the lacquer binding cover of a manuscript of Tulsi Das' Ramcharitmanas, ca.1830–36. Attendants are also depicted, with one bearing a fly-whisk. Her full name was 'Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din'. Location of production: North India, possibly Delhi Dating: 1887–93 V.S. / 1830–36 C.E. Size: Text panel 12 x 6 1/4in. (30.5 x 16cm.); folio 14 3/4 x 9 1/4in. (37.5 x 23.5cm.); lacquered boards 11 x 6 3/4in. (28 x 17cm.) By Unknown author - [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157243202
May 17, 1240 CE
Muiz ud din Bahram
Muiz ud din Bahram becomes sixth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Bahram Shah [Muiz ud-Din Bahram] of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881). Description (via: [1]): Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri, Delhi, 1881: Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri [Urdu title, i.e. 'Histories of the Ghurids'], Delhi: Mayur Press, 1881, 48 pp. (p. 20 misnumbered 28), text in Urdu, lithographed throughout, 9 albumen print photographs from miniatures of Indian sultans, each 10 x 6 cm and mounted on separate leaf within lithographic floral border and caption, 8vo (24.2 x 14.5 cm). Image source: [2] (another photograph from a different volume of the same work of this folio can be found at: [3] By Unknown author - Book titled 'Saltnat-e-Mohammed Gauri' [Tawarikh-i Ghuri] (1881; Mayur Press, Pipal Mahadev, Delhi) by Munshi Balaki Das’s Sahib Dehalvi, via: [4]; [5]; [6]; [7]; [8], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155059936
Oct 14, 1240 CE
Razia Sultana
Murder of Razia Sultan by nobles of Chalisa. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Painting of Razia Sultana (alt. known as 'Sultan Razia' or 'Sultana Razia Begum') of the Delhi Sultanate, from the lacquer binding cover of a manuscript of Tulsi Das' Ramcharitmanas, ca.1830–36. Attendants are also depicted, with one bearing a fly-whisk. Her full name was 'Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din'. Location of production: North India, possibly Delhi Dating: 1887–93 V.S. / 1830–36 C.E. Size: Text panel 12 x 6 1/4in. (30.5 x 16cm.); folio 14 3/4 x 9 1/4in. (37.5 x 23.5cm.); lacquered boards 11 x 6 3/4in. (28 x 17cm.) By Unknown author - [1], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157243202
May 15, 1242 CE
Murder of Muiz ud din Bahram
Murder of Muiz ud din Bahram by army. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Jun 10, 1246 CE
Nasiruddin Mahmud
Nasiruddin Mahmud becomes eighth Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate with the support of Corps of Forty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
A coin, minted between 1246 and 1266 under the rule of Nasir ud din Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi. By Drnsreedhar - Own work, image from personal collection, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3075496
Feb 18, 1266 CE
Nasiruddin Mahmud dies without any hier.
Nasiruddin Mahmud dies without any hier. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
1285 CE
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi Sultanate decisively defeats the army of Mongol Empire at the battle of Beas River. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Map of the Mamluk Dynasty By Maps created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan Territorial area: पाटलिपुत्र (talk), per Schwartberg Atlas p.147 - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=128203900
Mar 1, 1287 CE
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad becomes tenth Sultan of Delhi Sultanate after the death of his grandfather Ghiyas ud din Balban. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
image from personal collection - coin from rule of en:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad By You may select the license of your choice. - Uploader's personal collection, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9030816
Feb 1, 1290 CE
Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji
Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad by Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, an army commander. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Imaginary portrait of Sultan Firuz Khalji By c..1640 artist - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=157148882
Jun 13, 1290 CE
Mamluk dynasty of Delhi
Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji ends the Mamluk Dynasty by murdering Shamsuddin Kayumars. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Map of the Mamluk Dynasty By Maps created from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain. Koba-chan Territorial area: पाटलिपुत्र (talk), per Schwartberg Atlas p.147 - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=128203900
Jul 19, 1296 CE
Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji murders Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji and become thirteen Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
The Execution of Jalal-al-Din Firuzshah II (r1290-96), Jami al-Tawarikh (Alauddin Khalji detail) By 14th century author - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155468601
Oct 1, 1296 CE
Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan
Allauddin Khalji conquers Multan and eliminates all surviving members of his predecessor Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
1297 CE
Mongol Army
Mongol Army invades Punjab and Sindh but Delhi Sultanate decisively defeats them and crushes away from Pakistan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Early 14th-century work from the Diez Albums depicting Mongol warriors pursuing enemies. Items of interest include: the armour of the warriors, showing lamellar characteristics; the appearance of their short horses which resemble Mongolian ponies strongly; and the specific depiction of Mongol harness techniques with a third rope running between the bit and the saddle. Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Orientabteilung, Diez A fol. 71, p. 58. By 14th-century artist - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=165455310
1298 CE
Mongol Empire
Mongols once again invades Sindh and occupies fort of Sivistan but Delhi Sultanate decisively defeats them. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[13th century]]):
Map of the Mongol Empire's territorial expansion in 1206-1294. Shows the territory of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the tribes, mainly on the Mongolian plateau, including the regions of the Kereit, Naiman and Merkit. By DannamEmpire - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162865370
Jan 4, 1316 CE
Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji died due to severe illness. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[14th century]]):
The Execution of Jalal-al-Din Firuzshah II (r1290-96), Jami al-Tawarikh (Alauddin Khalji detail) By 14th century author - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155468601
Jan 5, 1316 CE
Shihabuddin Omar
Shihabuddin Omar succeeded Alauddin Khalji with the help of Malik Kafur and becomes the 14th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[14th century]]):
Painting depicting the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq. Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad. Museum description: Title SULTAN MOHAMMED ADIL TUGLAKH SHAH Accession Number XXIII-239 Museum Name Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad Gallery Name Miniature Painting Store-4 Object Type Miniature Painting Main Material Pigment Component Material II Water Colour Medium Paper Country India Provenance Delhi, India Origin Place Delhi Style Mughal School Mughal Period / Year of Work 19th Century Dimensions 31.1 L X 19.1 W, 31.9 L X 19.9 W, 40.6 L X 28.7 W Brief Description Miniature painting in Mughal style with inscription on top, bottom and corners of Sultan Mohammed Adil Tuglak Shah incourt. Inscription on the top and the bottom. By Unknown artist - [1], [2], [3], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=128395246
Apr 14, 1316 CE
Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
After the assassination of Malik Kafur, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah dethroned his brother Shihabuddin Omar and himself becomes 15th Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[14th century]]):
Islamic Sultanates. Delhi. Qutb al-Din Mubarark. AH 716-720 AD 1316-1320. By CNG Coins - CNG Coins Coin from CNG coins. Used with permission (CNG coin [1]) Coin, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114931077
1351 CE
Samma Dynasty
Samma Dynasty assumes rule over Sindh Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Pakistani history" ([[14th century]]):
File:Amir Timur (9333672292).jpg "Timur was a typical Mongoloid. His grandsons Ulugh-Beg and Mohammed Sultan were "hybrids" and in type closely ressembled the present-day town-dwelling Uzbeks. The sons Shah-Rukh and Miran-Shah possessed unmistakable features of a Tadjik type (Europoid of central Asia). Despite all these differences, aal five of these men belonged through blood-relationship to one family. This fact is undoubted." in Gerasimov, M. M. (Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich) (1971) The face finder, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, p. 116 By user:shakko - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9494028
![Maurya Empire conceptualized as a network of cities. Based on File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE.png, which was made by Avantiputra7. Uncontrolled areas Original map, with large uncontrolled areas, based on: Kulke and Rothermund, A History of India. Network based on Smith (2005), Networks, Territories, and the Cartography of Ancient States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 95 (4): 832–849. Neywork of core areas and trade and communication routes Maurya Empire as a network of core areas connected by communication and trade routes: Smith (2005), Networks, Territories, and the Cartography of Ancient States" (PDF). Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 95 (4): 832–849 Coningham and Young (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press, following Smith's example. Gedrosia Ceded territory of Gedrosia based on Smith (1914) and Tarn (1922), who limit the ceded territory to the Malin mountain range (Hingol river). Kosmin, Paul J. (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, p.16: "Desert of Gedrosia [...] was left an unclaimed wilderness." Lower Indus Valley Coningham & Young, p.452-453, question the extent of control over the lower Indus Valley and eastern Afghanistan, noting that "a growing number of of researchers would now agree that the Ashokan edicts may have represented 'an area of maximum contact rather than streamlined bureacrayic control'." Allchin, F. R. (1995). "The Mauryan State and Empire". In Allchin, F. R. (ed.). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183–221; p.208 also notes the absence of major cities in the lower Indus valley. Malcolm Robert Haig (1894), The Indus Delta Country: A Memoir, Chiefly on Its Ancient Geography and History, p.24: "the general rising of the northern peoples headed by Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya dynasty of Pataliputra, followed in rapid succession. The Lower Indus Valley now became free from foreign rule, and the local chiefs were no doubt left to their own devices. Nominally the territory may have been a dependency of the Mauryan kingdom, but, separated from the main body of that kingdom by a wide expanse of desert, and at a vast distance from the capital on the Ganges, its tie of allegiance must have been of the slightest. This independence, or semi-independence, lasted under no doubt varying degrees of definiteness […] till […] Demetrius, in the second century B.C., invaded Patalene in force and completely subjected it to Bactria." Gujarat Chakrabarty (2010), p.29: "We are assuming that the basic historical-geographical configuration of the Magadhan power was achieved before the beginning of the Maurya dynasty, whose founder Chandragupta Maurya simply added to it the stretch from the Indus valley to the southern foot of the Hindukush, giving the Mauryan India a strong foothold in the Oxus to the Indus interaction zone of Indian history. The evidence is in some cases, as in the cases of Gujarat, Bengal, and Assam, shadowy, but if Chandragupta had undertaken expeditions in these directions, there would have been echoes of these expeditions in the literary traditions." Traditionial map File:Ashoka Maurya Empire.png For 'traditional' maps, which exaggerate the territory of the Mauryan empire, see File:Ashoka Maurya Empire.png, which has a neat overview of sources and maps describing and portraying this 'maximalized extent'.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png/500px-Maurya_Empire%2C_c.250_BCE_network_model_v01.png)
![ISLAMIC, Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Suleiman ibn 'Abd al-Malik. AH 96-99 / AD 715-717. AR Dirham (27mm, 2.85 g, 6h). al-Hind (Multan?) mint. Dated AH 97 (AD 715/6). First portion of the kalimat at-tawḥīd: lā ilāha illā-llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lahu (there is no god except Allah, and one [is] he; (there is) no partner to him) in three lines; in outer margin, b-ismi-llāh zarb hazā al-dirham bi-lhind fī sanat seb’ wa tisi’īn (in the name of Allah struck this dirham in al-Hind in the year seven and ninety (after the Hijra)) / Sura 112 (al-ikhlas) Āllah ahad Āllah āl-samad lam yalīd wa lam yalūd (Allah [is] One; Allah [is] the Eternal, the Absolute; not begetting and not begotten) in three lines; in outer margin, the “Umayyad Second Symbol” (Sura 9 [al-tauba]:33): muḥammadur rasūlu-llāh arsalahu bi-’lhudā wa dīn al-haqq lī-yuzhirahu ’ala al-dīn kollihi walau kariha al-mushrikūn (Muhammad is the messenger of Allah; him He sent with guidance and true faith to make it prevail over all other faiths even though the polytheists may hate it). Klat –; SICA 2 –; Album 131; ICV –. VF, toned, a few deposits. Extremely rare mint. Ex Numismatica Genevensis SA VIII (24 November 2014), lot 238. Beginning with the Rashidun (AH 31-41 [AD 632-661]), the Muslims began to expand their conquests into modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Comprising the kingdoms of Kapisa-Gandhara, Zabulistan, and Sindh, this territory, which since ancient times had culturally and politically been a part of India, was considered by the Muslims as the frontier of al-Hind (as India was known to them). Because these early invasions proved to be difficult, the caliph ‘Uthman ibn Affan (AH 23-35 [AD 644-656]) forbade any further expansion into India. From this point until well into the Umayyad Caliphate, the prolonged struggle between the rulers of Kabul and Zabul with the Muslim governors of Sistan, Khurasan and Makran resulted in a strategy by the Arabs to exact tribute from these rulers, rather than by conquest, thus stalling Muslim expansion into these areas. ��The Umayyads, under their caliph Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan, once again attempted to expand into India. Launching several campaigns over the next three decades, these frontier provinces remained as impenetrable as they had for the Rashidun, and once again, the Arabs relied on tribute. The pirate activity from ports in Sindh against Muslim shipping, however, provided an opportunity. The Viceroy of the East, al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf, ordered his son-in-law, Muhammad bin al-Qasim al-Thaqafi, to deal with the pirates. Mounting an expedition by land and sea, the Umayyad general conquered the port of al-Daybul in AH 92 (AD 711/2). Exercising clemency to the local Hindus, Muhammad bin al-Qasim was able to make the city a bridghead of Muslim expansion inward, and it was in this city that the Umayyads began to mint the first dirhams on the Indian subcontinent three years later. ��From al-Daybul until his death in AH 97 (AD 715), Muhammad bin al-Qasim and his army advanced along the Indus River, eventually conquering all of Sindh. In AH 93/4 (AD 712), he took the city of Multan from Chach of Alor after a two-month siege. Although, an adept general at the age of 20, Muhammad bin al-Qasim wa ill-fated by his association with al-Hajjaj and the caliph, al-Walid I.��A wealthy city, Multan probably became the Umayyad governor’s seat and it was probably here that this dirham was struck (similar to the Ummayad al-Andalus mint issues being actually struck at Qurduba [Cordoba]). Owing to is fine style, the dies for this issue were probably imported from outside in preparation for the first issue of tribute to be sent back to Dimashq or Wasit.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg/500px-Umayyad_Caliphate_coinage_temp_Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_al-Hind_%28possibly_Multan%29_mint._Dated_AH_97_%28AD_715-6%29.jpg)
![Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Aram Shah of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881). This particular volume is kept in the collection of the Museum of Folk and Tribal Art in Gurugram. Description (via: [1]): Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri, Delhi, 1881: Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri [Hindustani title, i.e. 'Histories of the Ghurids'], Delhi: Mayur Press, 1881, 48 pp. (p. 20 misnumbered 28), text in Hindustani, lithographed throughout, 9 albumen print photographs from miniatures of Indian sultans, each 10 x 6 cm and mounted on separate leaf within lithographic floral border and caption, 8vo (24.2 x 14.5 cm). Image source: [2]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Aram_Shah_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate.jpg)
![Photograph of an Indian miniature painting depicting Bahram Shah [Muiz ud-Din Bahram] of the Mamluk Sultanate, published in 'Tawarikh-i-Ghuri' by Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib (1881). Description (via: [1]): Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri, Delhi, 1881: Dihlawi (Munshi Bulaqi Das Sahib). Tawarikh-i Ghuri [Urdu title, i.e. 'Histories of the Ghurids'], Delhi: Mayur Press, 1881, 48 pp. (p. 20 misnumbered 28), text in Urdu, lithographed throughout, 9 albumen print photographs from miniatures of Indian sultans, each 10 x 6 cm and mounted on separate leaf within lithographic floral border and caption, 8vo (24.2 x 14.5 cm). Image source: [2] (another photograph from a different volume of the same work of this folio can be found at: [3]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Photograph_of_an_Indian_miniature_painting_depicting_Bahram_Shah_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate%2C_published_in_%27Tawarikh-i-Ghuri%27_by_Munshi_Bulaqi_Das_Sahib_%281881%29.jpg/500px-Photograph_of_an_Indian_miniature_painting_depicting_Bahram_Shah_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate%2C_published_in_%27Tawarikh-i-Ghuri%27_by_Munshi_Bulaqi_Das_Sahib_%281881%29.jpg)
