Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/04. East Asia • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Mongolia, sourced from Wikipedia's "Timeline of Mongolian history".
Chronological Storyline (216 Milestones)
36 CE
Battle of Zhizhi
At the Battle of Zhizhi General Chen Tang and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan) Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (1st century BC):
The Xiongnu Empire in the early 1st century BC. By de:User:Postmann Michael - [Wikipedia Datei:Hsiung-nu-Reich.PNG], Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1351396
49 CE
Tsi Yung
Tsi Yung, allied with the Wuhuan and Xianbei, attacked the northern Xiongnu kingdom. Xianbei move into Xiongnu territory. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (1st century AD):
Map of en:Han Dynasty empire 87 BC, showing the capital en:Chang'an and the location of all en:commandery seats. In the Western Regions, a number of pretectorates were Han vassals and under the nominal authority of the Chief Protector of the Western Regions appointed by the Han court. en:Category:Maps of the history of China By User Yuninjie on en.wikipedia - Created and copyright (2004) by Yuninjie. Released under the GNU FDL. The northern border is the line of the en:Qin Dynasty en:Great Wall. Trade routes are generally based on the work of en:Joseph Needham. Selected non-Chinese peoples are also shown., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1332422
53 CE
The southern Xiongnu surrender and become
The southern Xiongnu surrender and become tributaries to the Han after splitting into northern and southern dynasties. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (1st century BC):
60 CE
Xiongnu civil war as factions fight
Xiongnu civil war as factions fight for power following the death of Xulüquanqu, the 12th Chanyu Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (1st century BC):
71 CE
Wusun
Various tribes invade the Xiongnu territory from all fronts; Wusun from the west, Dingling from the north, Wuhuan from the east, and Han forces from the south. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (1st century BC):
Empire of the Sun. Scytians ! Great, honorable men ! Remember the beginning of your way ! Live on the 13th of November, 2012, Budapest, VAM Design Center. Published under Creative Commons in the Metapolisz DVD line. All of the photos and vids in the Metapolisz DVD line are under Creative Commons and can be used even for commercial - for profit - purposes. Recommended citation: Derzsi Elekes Andor: Metapolisz DVD line http://nektar.oszk.hu/en/manifestation/2623913 Sources: Сенсационной называют свою находку археологи, обнаружившие в Карагандинской области «золотого человека» http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2286928, Sun emperor File:Sun_emperor.JPG Még mindig tagadnunk kell? http://www.nemzetihirhalo.hu/index.php?lap=public&iro=almenu1 Szkíta „aranyembert” találtak a kazah régészek http://mult-kor.hu/20100721_szkita_aranyembert_talaltak_a_kazah_regeszek, A szkíta Napherceg http://www.jobbikit.hu/szk%C3%ADta-napherceg Szkíta kincsekből nyílik egyedülálló kiállítás Budapesten: http://www.nemzetibulvar.hu/szkita-kincsekbol-nyilik-egyedulallo-kiallitas-budapesten, Badinyi-Jós Ferenc :a tatárlakai korong szövegének megfejtése: „Oltalmazónk! Minden titok dicső Nagyasszonya! Vigyázó két szemed óvjon, Napatyánk fényében!” Szathmáry megfejtése: „Egyetlen, magasztos Teljességünk leáldozóban, de Fény atyánk arca felemelkedik, ismét felragyog, s betölti dicsőségét!” By Derzsi Elekes Andor - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23026555
93 CE
Xianbei
The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by the Xianbei and the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (1st century AD):
A map showing the Xianbei Condeferation at its peak under Tanshihuai. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the confederation connected with the Wusun in the west and the Buyeo in the east. They also bordered with the Dingling people, who lived around the areas near Lake Baikal. On the Han dynasty's northern borders were the Southern Xiongnu and Wuhuan peoples, who at this point were subjects of the Han. The Xianbei capital, Mount Danhan, was located roughly in modern-day Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia. By Zangxuangao - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150903276
119 CE
Battle of Mobei
The Battle of Mobei, Han forces invade the northern regions of the Gobi Desert forcing the Xiongnu to flee into Siberia. After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from the Ordos Desert and Qilian Mountains. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century BC):
Near Kharkhorin, Mongolia. By Rob Oo from NL - See the world in one glance, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97521980
133 CE
Battle of Mayi
The Battle of Mayi, an abortive ambush operation by Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi) against the invading Xiongnu forces, begins a decades-long Han dynasty offensive against the nomads. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century BC):
Traditional portrait of Emperor Wu of Han from an ancient Chinese book. By Unknown author - Colored portrait and a black and white rubbing of the portrait, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8151462
147 CE
Xianbei
The Xianbei, who gain strength beginning from the 1st century CE, are consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century AD):
A map showing the Xianbei Condeferation at its peak under Tanshihuai. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the confederation connected with the Wusun in the west and the Buyeo in the east. They also bordered with the Dingling people, who lived around the areas near Lake Baikal. On the Han dynasty's northern borders were the Southern Xiongnu and Wuhuan peoples, who at this point were subjects of the Han. The Xianbei capital, Mount Danhan, was located roughly in modern-day Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia. By Zangxuangao - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150903276
167 CE
The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion
The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion of the Han dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century AD):
174 CE
Modu Chanyu
Death of Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century BC):
176 CE
Modu Chanyu
Modu Chanyu leads a Xiongnu invasion of the Gansu region and soundly defeats last remnants of the Yuezhi, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century BC):
Hoodoos in Binggou Danxia area of Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park By Terry Wu - Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54211796
180 CE
The Xianbei conquer areas of northern
The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century AD):
198 CE
Modu Chanyu
Modu Chanyu and the emperor Gaozu of China's Han dynasty sign a peace treaty, recognizing equality of the Xiongnu. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (2nd century BC):
汉高祖（前256一前195） 明人绘 By Unknown author - http://earlyworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/03/liu-bang.html, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70464970
200 CE
Battle of Baideng
At the Battle of Baideng, Emperor Gaozu of Han was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (3rd century BC):
汉高祖（前256一前195） 明人绘 By Unknown author - http://earlyworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/03/liu-bang.html, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70464970
203 CE
Yuezhi
Xiongnu launch second war against the Yuezhi, seizing a large swath of Yuezhi territory (modern day Xinjiang). Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (3rd century BC):
Noin-Ula nobleman and priest over fire altar By M. Vlasenko (Novosibirsk) - Science First HandPD-Art: Non-creative photograph of a two-dimensional work of art in the Public Domain (1st century BCE -1st century BCE), Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95045830
209 CE
Modu Chanyu
Modu Chanyu found the Xiongnu Empire. These nomadic peoples would inhabit the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (3rd century BC):
Modu Chanyu By Vincent van Gogh - own photo in the Musée d'Orsay,Paris, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6363326
215 CE
Qin dynasty
Qin armies evict Xiongnu nomadic tribes from their pastures on the Yellow River in the Ordos Loop. Xiongnu leader Touman forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (3rd century BC):
Commandaries and population centers of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) By Ian Remsen - Modern natural borders from Natural Earth Albers used for the map projection, via svgis λ 0 = 110 {\displaystyle \lambda _{0}=110} φ 0 = 30 {\displaystyle \varphi _{0}=30} φ 1 = 25 {\displaystyle \varphi _{1}=25} φ 2 = 37 {\displaystyle \varphi _{2}=37} Political borders, location of the Great Wall, and adjustments to reflect ancient borders from Li, Feng (2013) Early China: A Social and Cultural History, New Approaches to Asian History, 12, Cambridge University Press, p. 246 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139034395. ISBN: 978-0-521-89552-1. Square represents the Qin capital at Xianyang Dotted open circles represent population centers whose precise locations are unclear, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158113722
235 CE
Xianbei
The last khagan of the Xianbei, Kebineng, is assassinated by Cao Wei, successor state of the Eastern Han (25–220). The Xianbei state disintegrates into a number of smaller independent domains (Murong, Tuoba, Khitan people, Shiwei, and Rouran Khaganate). Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (3rd century AD):
A map showing the Xianbei Condeferation at its peak under Tanshihuai. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the confederation connected with the Wusun in the west and the Buyeo in the east. They also bordered with the Dingling people, who lived around the areas near Lake Baikal. On the Han dynasty's northern borders were the Southern Xiongnu and Wuhuan peoples, who at this point were subjects of the Han. The Xianbei capital, Mount Danhan, was located roughly in modern-day Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia. By Zangxuangao - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150903276
330 CE
Xianbei
A branch of the Xianbei, the Rouran (also known as Nirun) establish a powerful nomadic empire over modern day Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, part of Gansu, northern Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, parts of Northeast China and southern Siberia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (4th century AD):
A map showing the Xianbei Condeferation at its peak under Tanshihuai. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the confederation connected with the Wusun in the west and the Buyeo in the east. They also bordered with the Dingling people, who lived around the areas near Lake Baikal. On the Han dynasty's northern borders were the Southern Xiongnu and Wuhuan peoples, who at this point were subjects of the Han. The Xianbei capital, Mount Danhan, was located roughly in modern-day Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia. By Zangxuangao - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=150903276
402 CE
Yujiulü Shelun
Yujiulü Shelun assumes the title of Khagan, landmarking the establishment of the state of the Rouran Khaganate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (5th century AD):
555 CE
Göktürks
The Göktürks join the Western Wei, successor state of the Northern Wei, to defeat the Rouran. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (6th century AD):
Gokturk petroglyphs from Mongolia By The Göktürks - http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/ubhist/ubhist15a.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12753097
570 CE
Northern Qi
The Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties begin paying tribute to the Göktürks. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (6th century AD):
Map of the Northern Qi By naturalearthdata.com, offered to the Public Domain per Terms of Use - This image has been extracted from another file, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=128687258
584 CE
Göktürk
The Göktürk Empire, which stretches west to Crimea, is partitioned into Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates. Eastern Turk Göktürks recognize Sui dynasty suzerainty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (6th century AD):
Gokturk petroglyphs from Mongolia By The Göktürks - http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/ubhist/ubhist15a.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12753097
615 CE
Sui dynasty
Turkic Khaganate revolts against Emperor of Sui and besiege the command seats at present-day Daixian in Shanxi Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (7th century AD):
Sui Dynasty 589~609 CE.png By Ian Kiu - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3082893
Mar 27, 630 CE
Tang dynasty
A Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeats the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (7th century AD):
Outline map of the Tang empire in 661, when it reached its greatest extent. By Kanguole - Own work Boundaries from Twitchett, Denis and Wechsler, Howard J. (1979), "Kao-tsung (reign 649–83) and the Empress Wu: The Inheritor and the Usurper", in Denis Twitchett and John Fairbank (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9, (Map 8 p.281) and map 9 (p. 283). Blunden, Caroline and Elvin, Mark (1983), Cultural Atlas of China, Oxford: Phaidon Press, ISBN 0-7148-2309-0, pp. 26, 92–93. Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014) Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 39, 47 ISBN: 978-1-107-09846-6. (pre-conquest extent of Baekje, approximating the extent of the Ungjin Commandery) Coastline and lakes from Natural Earth 1:50m Physical Vectors Conversion to SVG using svgis (in English) (2007) Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press, p. 33 ISBN: 978-0-231-13924-3. "The Tang ruled the Tarim indirectly, ultimately establishing a seat of government (the Protectorate-General of Anxi-'Pacified West') first at Turfan, then at Kucha to supervise native rulers in the Tarim Basin city states. Anxi (Kucha) and three other bases at Karashahr, Kashgar and Khotan comprised the Tang's 'Four Western Garrisons'. Further Tang expansion followed. The Western Türk Khaghan He-lu (r. 651-7) briefly succeeded in reuniting the Western Türks and retaking the Tarim, as well as lands as far as Persia. When Tang forces defeated the Western Türks at Issyk Kul (in modern Kyrgyzstan) in 657, the Tang emperor installed two rival khans to rule the vast Western Türk empire, and scattered Tang protectorates-general and garrisons throughout it. Tang suzerainty thus extended thinly from Talas and Tashkent in the north, over Samarkand, Bukhara, Kabul and Herat, and as far south-west as Zarang in modern Iran. Tang thus abutted the frontiers of the expanding Arab empire. Cartographers tend to choose this moment of the Tang's greatest extent to depict historical maps of the Tang, but five years later, by 662, the western Central Asian regions nominally under Tang protectorates and prefectures were in rebellion, and after only a few years the Western Türks succeeded in overthrowing their puppet khans and restoring their independence throughout their former territories. Although the Tang would regain its sway over western Türk tribes on occasion thereafter and Tang maintained a Zungharian foothold in Beiting (Beshbaliq, north of Jimsar in the vicinity of modern Urumchi), direct Tang influence beyond the Pamirs was momentary." in (in English) (2007) Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press, p. 33 ISBN: 978-0-231-13924-3. The Cambridge History Of China, Volume 3 map 8 p.281, with text: "After some inconclusive fighting lasting several years, in 657 the T'ang general, Su Ting-fang, finally broke the Western Turkish military power in a battle fought near the Issyk-Kul. Sha-po-lo fled to Tashkent, whose people turned him over to the Chinese. Kao-tsung then divided the Western Turks once again into two federations, the Tu-lu and the Nu-shih-pi, and placed rival qaghans, both vassals of the T'ang court, at their heads. The home territory of the Western Turks, in the region of the Ili valley and the Issyk-Kul, was put under the control of two Chinese protectorates-general (tu-hu fu) whose territories coincided roughly with the previous eastern and western divisions of the Western Turkish empire. Other foreign people previously under the suzerainty of the Western Turks in western Sinkiang, Russian Turkestan and the valley of the Oxus, were also placed under formal Chinese control in 659 and 661. The T'ang empire then stretched from the China Sea all the way to the borders of Persia, and part of the new territory under Chinese control was named the 'Persian' government-general (Po-ssu tu-tu fu). These new territories were, however, so vast, and T'ang forces spread so thinly, that it is not surprising that this further extension of T'ang authority lasted only briefly. At the beginning of 665 both the Tu-lu and the Nu-shih-pi tribal federation rebelled against their pro-T'ang qaghans, and regained their independence from the Chinese." The Cambridge History Of China, Volume 3 p.280 Blunden, Caroline and Elvin, Mark (1983), Cultural Atlas of China map pp 92-93, Oxford: Phaidon Press, ISBN 0-7148-2309-0, with text: "Overextension of the empire. The Chinese empire reached its maximum western extension under the Tang emperor Gaozong in the later 7th century. Its protectorates stretched across the Pamirs into Soghdiana and Tukharistan and as far as the frontiers of modern Iran. This far-flung hegemony was impossible to maintain for long. The rise of Islamic power in the west, symbolized by the Arab victory over the Chinese at the Talas River in 751, and the increasing strength of the Tibetans and of the kingdom of Nanzhao in the southwest created strains on resources that were impossible to resist after the internal weakening caused by An Lushan's rebellion in 755..." 92 (in English) (26 July 2021) Warfare in Chinese History, BRILL, p. map p.119 ISBN: 978-90-04-48294-4. with caveats: "Of the protectorates shown, only the Anxi protectorate was a real administration governed from Lucha, and with garrison armies. The others were "spheres of influence" with no permanent officials, no fixed administrative centres, and no military forces. The boundaries shown are very approximate and not to be taken as indicating that these areas were in any way controlled from Chan'an. They give a notion more of Gaozong's imperial pretensions.", CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=131635251
648 CE
Tang dynasty
A reunited China—under the Tang dynasty (618–906) destroys the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi and establishes the Anbei Protectorate in the Mongolian Steppes. Uyghurs khagan are installed as Anbei protector. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (7th century AD):
Outline map of the Tang empire in 661, when it reached its greatest extent. By Kanguole - Own work Boundaries from Twitchett, Denis and Wechsler, Howard J. (1979), "Kao-tsung (reign 649–83) and the Empress Wu: The Inheritor and the Usurper", in Denis Twitchett and John Fairbank (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9, (Map 8 p.281) and map 9 (p. 283). Blunden, Caroline and Elvin, Mark (1983), Cultural Atlas of China, Oxford: Phaidon Press, ISBN 0-7148-2309-0, pp. 26, 92–93. Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014) Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 39, 47 ISBN: 978-1-107-09846-6. (pre-conquest extent of Baekje, approximating the extent of the Ungjin Commandery) Coastline and lakes from Natural Earth 1:50m Physical Vectors Conversion to SVG using svgis (in English) (2007) Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press, p. 33 ISBN: 978-0-231-13924-3. "The Tang ruled the Tarim indirectly, ultimately establishing a seat of government (the Protectorate-General of Anxi-'Pacified West') first at Turfan, then at Kucha to supervise native rulers in the Tarim Basin city states. Anxi (Kucha) and three other bases at Karashahr, Kashgar and Khotan comprised the Tang's 'Four Western Garrisons'. Further Tang expansion followed. The Western Türk Khaghan He-lu (r. 651-7) briefly succeeded in reuniting the Western Türks and retaking the Tarim, as well as lands as far as Persia. When Tang forces defeated the Western Türks at Issyk Kul (in modern Kyrgyzstan) in 657, the Tang emperor installed two rival khans to rule the vast Western Türk empire, and scattered Tang protectorates-general and garrisons throughout it. Tang suzerainty thus extended thinly from Talas and Tashkent in the north, over Samarkand, Bukhara, Kabul and Herat, and as far south-west as Zarang in modern Iran. Tang thus abutted the frontiers of the expanding Arab empire. Cartographers tend to choose this moment of the Tang's greatest extent to depict historical maps of the Tang, but five years later, by 662, the western Central Asian regions nominally under Tang protectorates and prefectures were in rebellion, and after only a few years the Western Türks succeeded in overthrowing their puppet khans and restoring their independence throughout their former territories. Although the Tang would regain its sway over western Türk tribes on occasion thereafter and Tang maintained a Zungharian foothold in Beiting (Beshbaliq, north of Jimsar in the vicinity of modern Urumchi), direct Tang influence beyond the Pamirs was momentary." in (in English) (2007) Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press, p. 33 ISBN: 978-0-231-13924-3. The Cambridge History Of China, Volume 3 map 8 p.281, with text: "After some inconclusive fighting lasting several years, in 657 the T'ang general, Su Ting-fang, finally broke the Western Turkish military power in a battle fought near the Issyk-Kul. Sha-po-lo fled to Tashkent, whose people turned him over to the Chinese. Kao-tsung then divided the Western Turks once again into two federations, the Tu-lu and the Nu-shih-pi, and placed rival qaghans, both vassals of the T'ang court, at their heads. The home territory of the Western Turks, in the region of the Ili valley and the Issyk-Kul, was put under the control of two Chinese protectorates-general (tu-hu fu) whose territories coincided roughly with the previous eastern and western divisions of the Western Turkish empire. Other foreign people previously under the suzerainty of the Western Turks in western Sinkiang, Russian Turkestan and the valley of the Oxus, were also placed under formal Chinese control in 659 and 661. The T'ang empire then stretched from the China Sea all the way to the borders of Persia, and part of the new territory under Chinese control was named the 'Persian' government-general (Po-ssu tu-tu fu). These new territories were, however, so vast, and T'ang forces spread so thinly, that it is not surprising that this further extension of T'ang authority lasted only briefly. At the beginning of 665 both the Tu-lu and the Nu-shih-pi tribal federation rebelled against their pro-T'ang qaghans, and regained their independence from the Chinese." The Cambridge History Of China, Volume 3 p.280 Blunden, Caroline and Elvin, Mark (1983), Cultural Atlas of China map pp 92-93, Oxford: Phaidon Press, ISBN 0-7148-2309-0, with text: "Overextension of the empire. The Chinese empire reached its maximum western extension under the Tang emperor Gaozong in the later 7th century. Its protectorates stretched across the Pamirs into Soghdiana and Tukharistan and as far as the frontiers of modern Iran. This far-flung hegemony was impossible to maintain for long. The rise of Islamic power in the west, symbolized by the Arab victory over the Chinese at the Talas River in 751, and the increasing strength of the Tibetans and of the kingdom of Nanzhao in the southwest created strains on resources that were impossible to resist after the internal weakening caused by An Lushan's rebellion in 755..." 92 (in English) (26 July 2021) Warfare in Chinese History, BRILL, p. map p.119 ISBN: 978-90-04-48294-4. with caveats: "Of the protectorates shown, only the Anxi protectorate was a real administration governed from Lucha, and with garrison armies. The others were "spheres of influence" with no permanent officials, no fixed administrative centres, and no military forces. The boundaries shown are very approximate and not to be taken as indicating that these areas were in any way controlled from Chan'an. They give a notion more of Gaozong's imperial pretensions.", CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=131635251
682 CE
Ilterish Qaghan
Ilterish Qaghan (682–91) founds the Second Turkic Khaganate by uniting the tribes and subjugating the nine Turkic tribes of the Toquz Oghuz (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes, Basmyls and Karluks to the west. He would later defeat Chinese armies and raid China. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (7th century AD):
Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III By Author: Benjamin Banayan (rugrabbit.com), photographed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibit "COURT AND COSMOS: The Great Age of the Seljuqs", 2016 - This image has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=143668161
691 CE
Ilterish Qaghan
Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brother Qapaghan Qaghan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (7th century AD):
696 CE
Qapaghan Qaghan
Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (7th century AD):
Khitans using eagles to hunt (berkutchi). By Hu Gui - From CHINA Art Pic Stock (China Artistic Publisher, Beijing Panoramic Visual Pic LTD), (purchased and donated by Kosi Gramatikoff User:kosigrim), painting owned by the National Palace Museum in Taiwan Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:Common Good using CommonsHelper., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15250225
711 CE
Turgesh
Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Turgesh Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (8th century AD):
The first Türgesh Kaghan Wuzhile established the Türgesh Khaganate in 699. He had driven the Tang protégé Böri Shad. In 703 he captured Suyab and set up his authority on the territory from Chach to Turfan and Beshbaliq. See: Klyashtorny S.G., The second Türk Empire (682–745). In: History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. III. The crossroads of civilizations: 250 to 750 AD. Editor: B. Litvinsky. Co-editors: Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi.UNESCO publishing, 1996. – Pp. 335-347. (here: 346.) V.A. Belyaev, S.V. Sidorovich, Tang Tallies of Credence Found at the Ak-Beshim Ancient Site. Numismatique Asiatique. A bilingual French-English review. Revue de la Société de Numismatique Asiatique n° 33, Mars 2020. p. 50.[1] The approximate borders of Türgesh Khaganate. Wuzhile ruled over the territory from Chach to Turfan and Beshbaliq. The boundary on the south was established at the Oxus river, but Samarkand and Bukhara were lost c. 710. Khiva was part of Khwarezm. Aksu (along with the principality of Farghana) was under Western Turk rule up to 657. Above Beshbaliq, the border might be at the Altay mountain range. From there onwards, the Türgesh might control the upper Irtysh, Ob, and Tobol regions to oversee the local fur hunting business. This is supported by some archaeological sources of the early Hungarians (△), provided by Manichean (and Buddhist) symbolism, like Srostki (c. 766-780) and Zevakino (c. 9-10th century). The Turks/Türgesh (according to one opinion) might also settle some Chigils from the area of Chach in the Kama-Belaya region, who later became the Szeklers. This is also supported by some archaeological sources of the early Hungarians provided by Buddhist symbolism, like Redikor (7-9th century) and Ishimbay. For the archaeological sources comp. Olekszij Komar: История и археология древних мадьяр в эпоху миграции. – A korai magyarság vándorlásának történeti és régészeti emlékei. [Historical and archaeological relics of the wanderings of early Hungarians] Budapest, 2018. and Szegedi, László: A rabanbán név magyarázata, a székely és a magyar őstörténet vázlata. [Interpretation of the term Rabanbán and the sketch of the early Hungarian and Szeker history] Előadás [lecture under publishing]: A magyarság eredete - merre mutat a nyelv, és merre a történettudomány? Magyarok X. világkongresszusa. Magyarok Világszövetsége, Budapest, 2021. aug. 17. [a tanulmánykötet előkészületben, Szerk. Sántha Attila] By Szegedi László - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=112655716
742 CE
The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt
The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (8th century AD):
745 CE
Göktürks
The Uyghurs kill the last khagan of the Göktürks, Kulunbeg, and sent his head to the Tang. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (8th century AD):
Gokturk petroglyphs from Mongolia By The Göktürks - http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/ubhist/ubhist15a.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12753097
756 CE
Bayanchur Khan
Uyghur Bayanchur Khan aids Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty against the An Lushan rebellion. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking Chang'an and Luoyang in 757. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (8th century AD):
Emperor Suzong of Tang. By Unknown Chinese Painter. - https://baike.baidu.com/pic/李亨/16111/0/94cad1c8a786c917e7327e68c33d70cf3bc757a9?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=1e30e924b899a901c0dae68f14950a7b0308f598, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=72831773
758 CE
Yenisei Kyrgyz
Uyghurs destroy several northern Yenisei Kyrgyz trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (8th century AD):
840 CE
Yenisei Kirghiz
The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the Yenisei Kirghiz and the Karluks to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (9th century AD):
Conversion of Bögü Qaghan (759-780 CE) to Manicheism in 762 (detailed of Bögü Qaghan in a suit of armour, kneeling to a Manichean high priest) By 8th century Manichean painter - The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West, p.578, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139501888
907 CE
Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty
Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty which covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers Kherlen, Tuul and Orkhon. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
925 CE
The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most
The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Yellow River. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
944 CE
Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of
Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of the Jin. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
947 CE
Khitan chieftains had established themselves as
Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China. The Khitan state is renamed the Liao dynasty Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
Oct 7, 951 CE
Emperor Shizong of Liao
Emperor Shizong of Liao is murdered by a relative and is succeeded by Yelü Jing, son of Emperor Taizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Muzong of Liao Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
Feb 1, 960 CE
Emperor Taizu of Song
Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
This depicts Song Taizu (宋太祖, 927-976, reigned 960-976), personal name Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤), the first emperor of the Song dynasty. This painting has neither the painter's seal nor signature. However, a small label had been attached to a blank area at the arm rest with the three characters "Song Taizu" (宋太祖). It probably was added when the scroll was remounted in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by NPM; image is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3969512
964 CE
Liao dynasty
Liao dynasty assists Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
Map of circuits in Khitan Liao Dynasty in 1111 AD By SY - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61092601
Mar 12, 969 CE
Emperor Muzong of Liao
Emperor Muzong of Liao is murdered by his attendants and is succeeded by Yelü Xian, son of Emperor Shizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Jingzong of Liao Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
979 CE
Liao dynasty
Liao dynasty attempts to assist Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty but is defeated at the Battle of Gaoliang River Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
Map of circuits in Khitan Liao Dynasty in 1111 AD By SY - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61092601
Oct 13, 980 CE
Emperor Jingzong of Liao
Emperor Jingzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Longxu succeeds him as Emperor Shengzong of Liao; Empress Xiao Yanyan becomes regent Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
An illustration of Empress Dowager Xiao from a 1892 print of the novel. By 熊大木 - 绣像北宋志全传, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=118210199
983 CE
Liao dynasty
The Liao dynasty reverts to calling itself the Khitans Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
Map of circuits in Khitan Liao Dynasty in 1111 AD By SY - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61092601
993 CE
First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo and acquire nominal tributary status over Goryeo Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (10th century AD):
993 Khitan Goryeo invasion By Qiushufang - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81310281
1004 CE
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate and the Chanyuan Treaty, an agreement to an annual payment of silk and silver from the Song to the Khitans Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
China during the Northern Song Dynasty, By China - Song Dynasty - cs.svg: User:Mozzan derivative work: Kanguole - China 11a.jpg: User:LiDaobing based on Tan Qixiang (ed.), Zhongguo lishi ditu (中国历史地图集; 1982) China - Song Dynasty - cs.svg: User:Mozzan, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39938105
1009 CE
Empress Xiao Yanyan
Empress Xiao Yanyan dies Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
An illustration of Empress Dowager Xiao from a 1892 print of the novel. By 熊大木 - 绣像北宋志全传, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=118210199
1010 CE
Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Mokjong of Goryeo is murdered by Kang Cho and the Khitans send an expedition to punish him; Kang Cho is killed Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
1010 Khitan Goryeo invasion By Qiushufang - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81310280
1018 CE
Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo but are defeated Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
1018 Goryeo Khitan invasion By Qiushufang - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81310279
1019 CE
Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War
Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans prepares another army to attack Goryeo Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
1018 Goryeo Khitan invasion By Qiushufang - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=81310279
Jun 25, 1031 CE
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
Emperor Shengzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Zongzhen succeeds him as Emperor Xingzong of Liao; Empress Dowager Xiao Noujin becomes regent Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
1066 CE
Liao dynasty
Khitans revert to calling their state the Liao dynasty Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
Map of circuits in Khitan Liao Dynasty in 1111 AD By SY - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61092601
1082 CE
Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent
Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent of livestock and horses Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
1093 CE
Mogusi
Mogusi of the Zubu and the Dilie tribes of western Heilongjiang raid the Liao dynasty Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (11th century AD):
图为佳木斯市四丰山水库，图中近处为龙王庙，水中为湖心岛，远处为四丰山和风力发电机 By 颜邯 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99236686
Feb 12, 1101 CE
Emperor Daozong of Liao
Emperor Daozong of Liao dies and his grandson Yelü Yanxi succeeds him as Emperor Tianzuo of Liao Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
1117 CE
Emperor Taizu of Jin
Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Jurchen Jin Empire's 1st Emperor By Unknown author - Jin Shangjing Museum, Harbin （金上京历史博物馆）, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18377337
1122 CE
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao flees the Southern Capital and his uncle Yelü Chun is declared emperor of Northern Liao, however he dies three months later and the title is passed down to Yelü Ding, the son in hiding with his father the emperor also in hiding; real power goes to Empress Dowager Xiao Puxiannu Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
B-5906 was flying CA112 (from Hong Kong) at that time. By N509FZ - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=159610992
1129 CE
Yelü Dashi
Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Western Jeun Dynasty 280 CE.png By Ian Kiu - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3708103
1130 CE
Yelü Dashi
Yelü Dashi leaves the Orkhon River with 20,000 followers and travels to the Kingdom of Qocho where the ruler welcomes him Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Oberlauf des Flusses Orchon in der Mongolei By He-ba-mue - Own work (He-ba-mue), CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=295504
1131 CE
Yelü Dashi
Yelü Dashi attacks the Karakhanids at Kashgar but is repelled Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
10:00 is still early morning here. By N509FZ - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137993757
Sep 9, 1141 CE
Battle of Qatwan
Battle of Qatwan: Yelü Dashi annihilates the army of Ahmad Sanjar of the Seljuk Empire and vassalizes the Khwarazmian dynasty Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Battle of Qatwan between Saljuk and Western Liao (Kara Khitans / Qara-Khitai) in 1141 By SY - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61339574
1143 CE
Yelü Dashi
Yelü Dashi dies and his wife Xiao Tabuyan succeeds him as regent Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
1151 CE
Yelü Yilie
Yelü Yilie, son of Yelü Dashi, becomes gurkhan of the Qara Khitai Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Map of Western Liao (Qara Khitai) Empire as of 1160 AD when it was at the greatest extent. By SY - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63967767
1162 CE
Genghis Khan
Temüjin (the future Genghis Khan) is born in the Khentii mountains of today's Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Taizu, better known as Genghis Khan. By Unknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126191
Nov 7, 1186 CE
Ögedei Khan
Ögedei Khan, third son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan) is born. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
Ögedei Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126253
1189 CE
Khamag Mongol
Temüjin becomes Khan of the Khamag Mongol. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (12th century AD):
1205 CE
Temüjin
Temüjin unites all nomadic tribes who settled around at Lake Baikal to China's Great Wall. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Taizu, better known as Genghis Khan. By Unknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126191
1206 CE
Genghis Khan
Temüjin given the title Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khaan), first Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Taizu, better known as Genghis Khan. By Unknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126191
Sep 23, 1215 CE
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, is born. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Post-mortem portrait of Kublai Khan; made to make him appear about 30 years younger. By Araniko - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126240
Aug 18, 1227 CE
Western Xia
Genghis Khan, 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies in Western Xia during the fall of Yinchuan aged c. 65. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Maps of Song, Liao, and Xi Xia in 1111 Add en labels By Douglasfrankfort - zh:File:Songliaoxixia.png, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10631072
Sep 13, 1229 CE
Ögedei Khan
Ögedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan, becomes second Khagan of the Mongol Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Ögedei Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126253
Dec 11, 1241 CE
Ögedei Khan, second Khagan of the
Ögedei Khan, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 55. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
1243 CE
Zhenjin
Zhenjin, second son of Kublai Khan and later founder of the Yuan dynasty, is born. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Based on Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004) by Christopher P. Atwood By Cattette - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145249990
Aug 24, 1246 CE
Güyük Khan
Güyük Khan, eldest son of Ögedei Khan and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes third Khagan of the Mongol Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Guyuk khan image from a Persian miniature by Abdullâh Sultân (atelier). Shîrâz By Abdullâh Sultân (atelier). Shîrâz - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42603233
Apr 20, 1248 CE
Güyük Khan, third Khagan of the
Güyük Khan, third Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 42. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Jul 1, 1251 CE
Möngke Khan
Möngke Khan, eldest son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Möngke Khan – khagan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from 1 July 1251, to 11 August 1259 By Abdullâh Sultân (atelier). Shîrâz - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audience_de_M%C3%B6ngke.jpeg, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=142390973
Aug 11, 1259 CE
Möngke Khan, fourth Khagan of the
Möngke Khan, fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 50. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
May 5, 1260 CE
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. However, the Toluid Civil War begins as various members of the Tolui family line fight for the title of Khagan resulting in the division of the Mongol Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Post-mortem portrait of Kublai Khan; made to make him appear about 30 years younger. By Araniko - This image has been extracted from another file, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126240
1268 CE
Kaidu–Kublai war
The Kaidu–Kublai war breaks out, which lasts until 1301 and deepens the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. All later Khagans of the Mongol Empire were nominal due to the empire's division. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Mongolian Empire Gallery, National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com. By Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China - Mongolian Empire Stone Stele, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=114269980
1269 CE
'Phags-pa script
Birth of the 'Phags-pa script, designed by Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Gravestone with 'Phags-pa inscription (dated 1314), from Quanzhou, China.Phags-pa inscription: ꡖꡟꡃ ꡚꡦ ꡗꡃ ꡚꡞ ꡏꡟ ꡈꡓ [ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw = wēngshě yáng-shì mùdào 翁舍楊氏墓道] "Tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe".Chinese inscription on either side: 延祐甲寅 | 良月吉日 [yányòu jiǎyín | liángyuè jírì] "In the cyclical year jiayin [year of the wooden tiger = 1314] of the Yanyou period, on a good month and an auspicious day". By BabelStone - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6448910
1271 CE
Yuan dynasty
Kublai Khan officially proclaims the founding of the Yuan dynasty with himself as first emperor. Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) named the dynasty's capital. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Based on Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004) by Christopher P. Atwood By Cattette - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145249990
1273 CE
Zhenjin
Zhenjin designated Crown Prince by Kublai Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Feb 18, 1294 CE
Golden Horde
Death of Kublai Khan (aged 78). By this time the Mongol Empire had already fractured into four khanates: the Yuan dynasty based in China, the Golden Horde based in Russia, the Chagatai Khanate based in Central Asia, and the Ilkhanate based in Iran, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
A A map of the Chagatai Khanate in the late 13th century. The grey lines represent modern international borders. The blue represent rivers. This map uses a Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. By MapMaster - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4381568
May 10, 1294 CE
Temür Khan
Temür Khan, son of Crown Prince Zhenjin and grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes sixth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and second emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Chengzong, a.k.a. Temür, a.k.a. Öljeitü Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126284
1295 CE
Ghazan
Enthronement of Ilkhan Ghazan. Islamization of the Ilkhanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (13th century):
Ghazan_with_wife_at_his_court. Mongol document, end of the 13th century. Source: Hachette Atlas Histoire de l'Humanite (1989) By Unknown Mongol author - Hachette Atlas Histoire de l'Humanite (1989), Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5690340
1304 CE
Yuan dynasty
A peace among the Mongol khanates establishes the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the three western khanates (the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate). However, the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Based on Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire (2004) by Christopher P. Atwood By Cattette - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145249990
Jun 21, 1307 CE
Temür Khan
With the death of Temür Khan (aged 41), Külüg Khan, first son of Darmabala and Dagi of the Khunggirad clan, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes seventh Khagan of the Mongol Empire and third Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Chengzong, a.k.a. Temür, a.k.a. Öljeitü Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126284
Apr 7, 1311 CE
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
Külüg Khan dies (aged 29). Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, second son of Darmabala and Dagi of the Khunggirat, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes eighth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fourth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Renzong a.k.a. Ayurbarvada a.k.a. Buyantu Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126144
1313 CE
Öz Beg Khan
Enthronement of Öz Beg Khan. Islamization of the Golden Horde. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Portrait of Khan Uzbek By A. Dalorto - https://diletant.media/articles/45285129/, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121143408
1315 CE
imperial examination
Revival of the imperial examination system within the Yuan dynasty under Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Excerpt from the handscroll Viewing the Pass List. Imperial examination candidates gather around the wall where results had been posted. Traditionally attributed to Qiu Ying, but now suspected to be the work of a late-Ming painter with Qiu Ling's name added. By Qiu Ying (仇英) (attributed) - In the collection of the National Palace Museum, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=598340
Apr 19, 1320 CE
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan dies (aged 34), Gegeen Khan, eldest son of Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan and Radnashiri, becomes ninth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fifth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Renzong a.k.a. Ayurbarvada a.k.a. Buyantu Khan. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126144
Oct 4, 1323 CE
Gegeen Khan
Death of Gegeen Khan (aged 20). Yesün Temür, son of Gammala, grandson of Zhenjin and great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes tenth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and sixth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Gegeen Khan in 14th century portrait By Unknown author - https://realrareantiques.com/yuan-dynasty-emperors/gegeen-khan/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=163247162
Oct 16, 1328 CE
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, second son of Khayishan, becomes 12th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eighth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. The War of the Two Capitals begins. His forces defeated, Ragibagh Khan disappears or dies at the age of 7–8, possibly murdered. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Wenzong, a.k.a. Tugh Temür. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126299
Oct 1, 1328 CE
Ragibagh Khan
With the death of Yesün Temür (aged 34), Ragibagh Khan, eldest son of Yesün Temür, becomes 11th Khagan of the Mongol Empire at the age of 7-8 and designated seventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty before being deposed in a coup before his succession. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Ragibagh Khan in 14th century portrait By Unknown author - https://realrareantiques.com/yuan-dynasty-emperors/ragibagh-khan/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=163246624
Feb 27, 1329 CE
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür abdicates and his elder brother Khutughtu Khan Kusala becomes 13th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and ninth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. However, he dies on August 30 at age 28, four days after a banquet with brother Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, presumed to have been poisoned. Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür regaines the throne on September 8. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Wenzong, a.k.a. Tugh Temür. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126299
Oct 23, 1332 CE
Rinchinbal Khan
With the death of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (aged 28), Rinchinbal Khan, second son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala, becomes 14th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and tenth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at the age of six. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Ningzong, a.k.a. Irinchinbal. Portrait cropped out of a page from an album depicting several Yuan emperors (Yuandai di banshenxiang), now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei (inv. nr. zhonghua 000324). Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. By AnonymousUnknown author - Digitized by National Palace Museum; file is directly from Shuge, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4126217
Jul 19, 1333 CE
Toghon Temür
Rinchinbal Khan dies nine months later (aged 6), Toghon Temür, (1320–1370) eldest son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala and older brother of Rinchinbal, becomes 15th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eleventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Toghon Temur By Unknown author - https://realrareantiques.com/yuan-dynasty-emperors/toghon-temur/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=163034547
1335 CE
Ilkhanate
Disintegration of the Ilkhanate after the death of Ilkhan Abu Sa'id. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
نقشه شماره ۱۷: ایلخانان ایران کارتوگرافی زیر نظر محمد پورکمال ترسیم نقشهها با همکاری کارکنان منتخب قسمت ترسیم سازمان نقشهبرداری و موسسه جغرافیا به سرپرستی ابراهیم خلیل مجیدیان چاپ نقشهها با همکاری قسمت چاپ سازمان نقشهبرداری به سرپرستی شموئیل ژوزفنیا تهیه: موسسه جغرافیا دانشگاه تهران نوشتههای فارسی: محمدتقی سرمست By Unknown author - https://archive.org/details/1350_20200920, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139319287
Sep 14, 1368 CE
Toghon Temür
Toghon Temür flees Beijing for Shangdu in advance of approaching Ming dynasty forces. Yuan dynasty falls. The remnants of the Yuan known as the Northern Yuan dynasty continue in Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Toghon Temur By Unknown author - https://realrareantiques.com/yuan-dynasty-emperors/toghon-temur/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=163034547
1370 CE
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1340–1378), son of Toghon Temür, is declared Khan of Mongolia at Karakorum. Timur (Tamerlane) gains control of the western Chagatai Khanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
BILEGT KHAAN AYUSHRIDAR By Avishay - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186088073
1378 CE
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1342–1388) succeeds his brother Ayuushridar as Khan of Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
1380 CE
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde is defeated at the Battle of Kulikovo. Karakorum is destroyed by Chinese troops. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Golden Horde By Adolphe Yvon - Originally from en.wikipedia; uploaded there by Ghirlandajo, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=735412
1388 CE
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür is murdered by an ally of the Oirats, thus launching the Oirat-Mongol wars in Northern Yuan dynasty. Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1358–1391) becomes Khan of a fractured and diminished Mongol Khanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Bukar', Michail: Couple from the Kalmyk ethnic group in their national costume By Bukar', Michail - Image Zeno.org, ID number 20001856987, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64888016
1394 CE
Engke Khan
Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1361–1399) overthrew Engke Khan from the House of Ariq Böke succeeds as Khan of the Mongols. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
Ariq Böke. By Miskin - Cropped from File:Arik Buka defeats Alghu-Rashid al'Din Jami al Tavarikhs-large.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29784294
1395 CE
Timur
Timur invades the Golden Horde and sacks Saray and Astrakhan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
File:Amir Timur (9333672292).jpg "Timur was a typical Mongoloid. His grandsons Ulugh-Beg and Mohammed Sultan were "hybrids" and in type closely ressembled the present-day town-dwelling Uzbeks. The sons Shah-Rukh and Miran-Shah possessed unmistakable features of a Tadjik type (Europoid of central Asia). Despite all these differences, aal five of these men belonged through blood-relationship to one family. This fact is undoubted." in Gerasimov, M. M. (Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich) (1971) The face finder, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, p. 116 By user:shakko - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9494028
1399 CE
Four Oirats
Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khagan is defeated by the Four Oirats and killed by their leaders, Ugetchi Khashikha and Batula. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (14th century):
1405 CE
Timur
Timur dies of illness at Farab (present day Kazakhstan) while preparing for war against Ming China. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
File:Amir Timur (9333672292).jpg "Timur was a typical Mongoloid. His grandsons Ulugh-Beg and Mohammed Sultan were "hybrids" and in type closely ressembled the present-day town-dwelling Uzbeks. The sons Shah-Rukh and Miran-Shah possessed unmistakable features of a Tadjik type (Europoid of central Asia). Despite all these differences, aal five of these men belonged through blood-relationship to one family. This fact is undoubted." in Gerasimov, M. M. (Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich) (1971) The face finder, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, p. 116 By user:shakko - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9494028
1408 CE
Öljei Temür Khan
Öljei Temür Khan (1379–1412) succeeds his father Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and older brother Gün Temür Khan as Khan of the Yuan dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
Detail of the eastern part of the map of the Ming Empire (yellow) under the Yongle Emperor in the year 1415. Inset map of the Northwest Frontier of China, 15th Century A.D. For a guide to typography, symbols, etc., see "HCAC Scripts Symbols & Abbreviations.jpg". By Albert Herrmann & Georg Westermann - Historical and Commercial Atlas of China, Map 38, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1008936
1415 CE
Oirats
Oirat nobles place Oyiradai (died 1425) on the throne of Khagan of the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty following the death of Delbeg Khan Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
Bukar', Michail: Couple from the Kalmyk ethnic group in their national costume By Bukar', Michail - Image Zeno.org, ID number 20001856987, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=64888016
1425 CE
Adai Khan
Adai Khan (1390–1438) assumes throne of Northern Yuan dynasty, unifies both the central and eastern Mongol territories but then suffers major defeats by Oirats in 1430 and 1434. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
ADAI KHAAN By Avishay - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186088067
1433 CE
Oirats crown Toghtoa Bukha (Taisun Khan)
Oirats crown Toghtoa Bukha (Taisun Khan) as Khagan of the Northern Yuan. He later proclaims himself of Khagan of the Great Yuan enraging the Ming dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
1449 CE
Esen Taishi
Esen Taishi (Taisun Khan's military commander and later successor as Khan) captures the Zhentong Emperor of the Ming dynasty at the Battle of Tumu Fortress and lays siege to Beijing, but is pushed back. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
ESENTAISH KHAAN By Avishay - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186088084
1473 CE
Ming dynasty
The Ming begin construction of the Great Wall at the southern edge of the Ordos Desert to contain resurgent Mongol tribes. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
Detail of the Ming Empire (yellow) under the Yongle Emperor in the year 1415 For a guide to typography, symbols, etc., see "HCAC Scripts Symbols & Abbreviations.jpg". By Albert Herrmann Creator:Q1509115 & Georg Westermann - Historical and Commercial Atlas of China, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=158240988
1480 CE
Mandukhai Khatun
Madukhai Khatun, widow of the previous Chinggisid khan, marries Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan who defeats the Oirats, beginning a Chinggisid revival in Mongolia. The Great Horde's attempt to invade Muscovy failed. Their leader Akhmat Khan dies. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (15th century):
Stele for Mandukhai Khatun, erected after the movie (Khogno Khan, Mongolia) By Panoramix - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20837696
1510 CE
Dayan Khan
Dayan Khan defeats the Ordos and Tümed Mongols at the Battle of Dalan Terigün (Inner Mongolia), reunifying the Six Tümens of the Mongols. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
BATMUNKH DAYAN KHAN By Avishay - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186088072
1513 CE
Dayan Khan
Dayan Khan launches successive invasions of China that continue through 1526 and include an unsuccessful assault on Beijing in 1517 Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
BATMUNKH DAYAN KHAN By Avishay - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=186088072
1542 CE
Altan Khan
Following his brother's death in 1542, Altan Khan (grandson of Dayan Khan) becomes the de facto leader of the whole of the "Right Wing" (western Inner Mongolia and Ordos) and is given the title, "Tüsheet Sechen Khan." Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
Depicted person: Altan Khan – leader of the Tümed Mongols By Unknown author - https://web.archive.org/web/20061211080736/http://etudiant.univ-mlv.fr/~ehureaux/images/Altan_Khan.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5371738
1550 CE
Altan Khan
Altan Khan launches large scale incursions into Ming territory, surrounds Beijing. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
Depicted person: Altan Khan – leader of the Tümed Mongols By Unknown author - https://web.archive.org/web/20061211080736/http://etudiant.univ-mlv.fr/~ehureaux/images/Altan_Khan.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5371738
1551 CE
Altan Khan and the Ming strike
Altan Khan and the Ming strike accords on peace and border trade. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
1571 CE
Hohhot
Altan Khan founds the city of Guihua or Köke Khota (Hohhot, meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
1577 CE
Tibet
Altan Khan meets Sodnam Gyatso in northeast Tibet and bestows on him the Mongolian title "Dalai Lama". The Mongols’ “Second Conversion” to Buddhism begins Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
1585 CE
Abtai Sain Khan
Abtai Sain Khan of the Tüsheet Khanate and nephew of Altan Khan founds Erdene Zuu Monastery, the first Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, adjacent to the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (16th century):
Erdene Zuu Monastery, Kharkhorin, Mongolia By Bernard Gagnon - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146073127
1601 CE
Altan Khan
Yonten Gyatso, great-grandson of Altan Khan, becomes the 4th Dalai Lama in Lhasa, Tibet. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
Depicted person: Altan Khan – leader of the Tümed Mongols By Unknown author - https://web.archive.org/web/20061211080736/http://etudiant.univ-mlv.fr/~ehureaux/images/Altan_Khan.jpg, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5371738
1604 CE
Ligdan Khan
Ligdan Khan becomes ruler of the northern Yuan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1619 CE
Mongols
Several Mongol tribes defect to the Qing due to Ligdan Khan's oppressive rule. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1632 CE
Tibet
Ligdan Khan flees to Tibet to evade the Manchus and conquer the Gelug. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1634 CE
Qinghai Lake
Ligdan Khan dies at Qinghai Lake. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1640 CE
Zanabazar
Zanabazar, four-year-old son of the Tüsheet Khan of the Khalkha, is recognized as the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1642 CE
Khoshut Khanate
Establishment of the Khoshut Khanate in the Tibetan Plateau by Güshi Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1661 CE
Irkutsk
Irkutsk fort founded. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1671 CE
Galdan Boshugtu Khan
Galdan Boshigt becomes leader of the western Dzungar Khanate. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1685 CE
Galdan Boshugtu Khan
Galdan Khan founds the town of Khovd. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1687 CE
Dzungar–Qing War
Outbreak of the decades-long Dzungar–Qing War between the Dzungar Khanate and Khalkha-Mongols / Qing dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1688 CE
Dzungars
The Dzungars invade Khalkha and force Khalkha nobility to flee to Inner Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, Ejin Horo Banner, Ordos, Inner Mongolia By ScareCriterion12 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107989490
1691 CE
Khalkha
Khalkha nobles pledge fealty to the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1696 CE
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty seizes de facto control of Khalkha by defeating the Dzungars in the Battle of Jao Modo. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (17th century):
1705 CE
Khoshut
The Khoshut Lha-bzang Khan deposes the Sixth Dalai Lama in Tibet and kills the regent Sangs-rgyas rGya-mtsho. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1709 CE
Khalkha Mongols
Khalkha jirum (Khalkha regulations) replaces the Mongol-Oirat Code among the Khalkha Mongols. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1717 CE
Tibet
Acting on an appeal by the Tibetan monasteries, the Dzungar army occupies Lhasa and kills The Khoshut Lha-bzang Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1718 CE
Qing dynasty
The Qing armies establish a garrison and military farm near modern Khovd city in western Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1720 CE
Qing dynasty
Qing dynasty's Kangxi Emperor drives Dzungar forces from Tibet. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1723 CE
Zanabazar
Death of Zanabazar. Upper Mongols under rule of the prince Lubsan Danzan revolt against the Qing but are defeated. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1727 CE
Treaty of Kyakhta
Kyakhta Treaty defines Russo-Qing frontier and divides the Buriats under Russia from the Khalkha Mongols under the Qing. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1752 CE
Dawachi
Dawaachi and Amursanaa overthrow the Dzungar ruler in Xinjiang; Dawaachi becomes new Khong Tayiji (ruler). Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
Urumqi People's Park By HaziiDozen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95552284
1755 CE
Qing dynasty
The Qing armies occupy Dzungaria in Xinjiang. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
Urumqi People's Park By HaziiDozen - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95552284
1756 CE
Chingünjav
Chingünjav and Amursana lead failed rebellions which ended in the destruction of the Dzungars by the Qing dynasty. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1758 CE
3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
Third Jebtsundamba Khutuktu identified in Tibet (first outside of Mongolia) Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1779 CE
Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
Nom-un Yekhe Khüriye, the great monastery of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktus, finally settles at the present location of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1789 CE
Qing law replaces the native code,
Qing law replaces the native code, Khalkha jirum. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (18th century):
1809 CE
Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
The 5th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu orders construction of Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1811 CE
Cham dance
First tsam religious dances performed in Ikh Khuree Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1822 CE
Mikhail Speransky
Russian statesman Mikhail Speransky reforms administration of the Buriats and other Indigenous peoples of Siberia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1833 CE
Kyakhta
Opening of the Russian-Mongol school in Kyakhta Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1836 CE
Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu relocates from east Khüriye (now central Ulaanbaatar) to Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery to avoid Chinese merchants. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1838 CE
Gandantegchinlen Monastery
Completion of Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1846 CE
Buryats
The Buriat Cossack Dorzhi Banzarov becomes first person of Mongol ancestry to earn a European Ph.D. at University of Kazan in Russia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1861 CE
Russian Consul takes up residence in
Russian Consul takes up residence in Ikh Khuree Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1869 CE
Agvaanl Uvsanchoijinyam Danzan Vanchüg is born
Agvaanl Uvsanchoijinyam Danzan Vanchüg is born in Lithang, Kham. He will later be formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1880 CE
Qing dynasty
Anti-Manchu mutiny by Uliastai garrison Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1891 CE
Jindandao incident
Chinese rebels of the Jindandao (Way of the Golden Pill) sect launch massive pogroms against Mongols in southeastern Inner Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, Ejin Horo Banner, Ordos, Inner Mongolia By ScareCriterion12 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107989490
1892 CE
Trans-Siberian Railway
Agreement to build a telegraph line from Russia to China via Ikh Khuree. Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway begins. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (19th century):
1907 CE
Qing dynasty
The Qing government implemented sinification policies. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Dec 1, 1911 CE
Qing dynasty
Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty under the Bogd Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Nov 3, 1912 CE
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire recognized Mongolian independence and the rule of Bogd Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Nov 11, 1913 CE
Tibet
Mongolia and Tibet concluded treaty on mutual recognition and mutual assistance. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
May 29, 1915 CE
Russian Empire
Russia, China and Mongolia signed a treaty at Kyakhta under which China was recognized as sovereign over an autonomous Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Oct 1, 1919 CE
Occupation of Mongolia
Outer Mongolia was occupied by the Republic of China. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jun 25, 1920 CE
Mongolian People's Party
The Mongolian People's Party was formed between two secret revolutionary groups in occupied Niislel Khüree. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Feb 1, 1921 CE
Roman Ungern von Sternberg
Roman von Ungern-Sternberg drove Chinese troops out of Niislel Khüree. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Aug 31, 1922 CE
Soliin Danzan
High-ranking figures, accused of anti-revolutionary conspiracy by Soliin Danzan, were shot dead. Notable victims included Dogsomyn Bodoo, Dambyn Chagdarjav, and Ja Lama. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Feb 20, 1923 CE
Damdin Sükhbaatar
Revolutionary commander Damdin Sükhbaatar mysteriously passed away. Rumours allege he was poisoned by Khorloogiin Choibalsan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
May 20, 1924 CE
Bogd Khan
Death of the Bogd Khan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1932 armed uprising in Mongolia: The failure of collectivization led to widespread uprisings and a temporary thaw. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1936 CE
Demchugdongrub
Prince Demchugdongrub formed the Mongol Military Government, a non-Communist state independent from China, in Inner Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1937 CE
Mengjiang
The Mongol Military Government was renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Apr 1, 1939 CE
Stalinist purges in Mongolia: The terror
Stalinist purges in Mongolia: The terror ended. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1941 CE
Mengjiang
The Mongol United Autonomous Government was renamed the Mongolian Autonomous Federation, or Mengjiang. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Aug 1, 1945 CE
Republic of China
The Republic of China requested Soviet help in the war against Japan, and offered recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia in exchange according to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jan 1, 1946 CE
Republic of China
The Chinese government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Oct 6, 1949 CE
People's Republic of China
The newly established People's Republic of China recognized Mongolia and agreed to establish diplomatic relations. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1950 CE
Herds were successfully collectivized.
Herds were successfully collectivized. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1952 CE
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan renounced the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1955 CE
Republic of China
The ROC blocked the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic's entry to the United Nations. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Oct 23, 1961 CE
United Nations Security Council Resolution 166
The Mongolian People's Republic was admitted to the United Nations. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1962 CE
Comecon
Mongolia became a member of the Comecon. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1965 CE
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal purged the intelligentsia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
1969 CE
Soviet Union
Sino-Soviet split: The Soviet Union stationed a large army on Mongolian territory in response to threats of Chinese aggression. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Mar 22, 1981 CE
Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa
Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa became the first Mongolian in space as part of Soyuz 39. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Aug 23, 1984 CE
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
Tsedenbal was ousted from all positions by the Politburo. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jan 27, 1987 CE
United States
Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the United States. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Dec 1, 1989 CE
Mongolian Revolution of 1990
The first popular reform demonstrations took place, sparking the Democratic Revolution of 1990; the Mongolian Democratic Union (MDU) was organized and established. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jan 1, 1990 CE
Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held
Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held in sub-zero weather. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jan 13, 1992 CE
Constitution of Mongolia
A new constitution went into effect, effectively dissolving the Mongolian People's Republic. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jun 6, 1993 CE
1993 Mongolian presidential election
The first direct presidential election took place. Opposition candidate Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, a former MPRP member, won. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jun 30, 1996 CE
Democratic Union Coalition
The opposition Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) won the 1996 parliamentary election. Subsequently, the first non-Communist government was elected into office. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
May 18, 1997 CE
Mongolian People's Party
MPRP candidate Natsagiin Bagabandi defeated incumbent president and DUC candidate Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat in the 1997 presidential election. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Apr 1, 1998 CE
Prime Minister Enkhsaikhan was forced to
Prime Minister Enkhsaikhan was forced to resign due to internal party pressure. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jul 22, 1999 CE
Russian Federation
Prime Minister Narantsatsralt was forced to resign after a controversial letter to the Russian Federation. Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal was nominated to succeed Narantsatsralt and served until the 2000 election. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
Jul 2, 2000 CE
Mongolian People's Party
The MPRP won 72 out of 76 seats in the State Great Khural; a new government was formed by Prime Minister and MPRP chairman Nambaryn Enkhbayar. The DUC witnessed a major electoral wipeout, winning only a single seat. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (20th century):
May 20, 2001 CE
2001 Mongolian presidential election
Incumbent Bagabandi was re-elected as the 2nd President of Mongolia in the 2001 presidential election. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
2003 CE
Afghanistan
Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
2004 CE
Mongolian People's Party
An election resulted in a draw. A coalition was formed between the MPRP and other parties which was headed by Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Jan 1, 2006 CE
Mongolian People's Party
The governing coalition was dissolved by the MPRP. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Oct 1, 2007 CE
Mongolian People's Party
The governing coalition was led by the MPRP and replaced by a coalition headed by Sanjiin Bayar. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Jun 1, 2009 CE
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj from the Democratic Party was selected 3rd President of Mongolia. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Oct 1, 2009 CE
Sanjaagiin Bayar
Sanjaagiin Bayar resigned from Primer Ministership due to declining health conditions and was replaced with Sükhbaataryn Batbold. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Nov 1, 2010 CE
Mongolian People's Party
MPRP restored its 1921 name, Mongolian People's Party (MPP), during its 26th Party Congress. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Aug 1, 2012 CE
2012 Mongolian legislative election
After the 2012 parliamentary election, a coalition headed by Norovyn Altankhuyag from Democratic party was formed. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Jun 1, 2013 CE
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj from Democratic Party, was re-elected in the 2013 presidential election. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Nov 5, 2014 CE
Altankhuyag lost a motion of no
Altankhuyag lost a motion of no confidence (36–30), thereby resigned as prime minister and Democratic party chairman Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Jun 29, 2016 CE
2016 Mongolian parliamentary election
In the 2016 parliamentary election, the MPP won a supermajority of 65 seats in the State Great Khural. Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
Jun 26, 2017 CE
2017 Mongolian presidential election
During the 2017 presidential election Source — Wikipedia, "Timeline of Mongolian history" (21st century):
![The first Türgesh Kaghan Wuzhile established the Türgesh Khaganate in 699. He had driven the Tang protégé Böri Shad. In 703 he captured Suyab and set up his authority on the territory from Chach to Turfan and Beshbaliq. See: Klyashtorny S.G., The second Türk Empire (682–745). In: History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. III. The crossroads of civilizations: 250 to 750 AD. Editor: B. Litvinsky. Co-editors: Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi.UNESCO publishing, 1996. – Pp. 335-347. (here: 346.) V.A. Belyaev, S.V. Sidorovich, Tang Tallies of Credence Found at the Ak-Beshim Ancient Site. Numismatique Asiatique. A bilingual French-English review. Revue de la Société de Numismatique Asiatique n° 33, Mars 2020. p. 50.[1] The approximate borders of Türgesh Khaganate. Wuzhile ruled over the territory from Chach to Turfan and Beshbaliq. The boundary on the south was established at the Oxus river, but Samarkand and Bukhara were lost c. 710. Khiva was part of Khwarezm. Aksu (along with the principality of Farghana) was under Western Turk rule up to 657. Above Beshbaliq, the border might be at the Altay mountain range. From there onwards, the Türgesh might control the upper Irtysh, Ob, and Tobol regions to oversee the local fur hunting business. This is supported by some archaeological sources of the early Hungarians (△), provided by Manichean (and Buddhist) symbolism, like Srostki (c. 766-780) and Zevakino (c. 9-10th century). The Turks/Türgesh (according to one opinion) might also settle some Chigils from the area of Chach in the Kama-Belaya region, who later became the Szeklers. This is also supported by some archaeological sources of the early Hungarians provided by Buddhist symbolism, like Redikor (7-9th century) and Ishimbay. For the archaeological sources comp. Olekszij Komar: История и археология древних мадьяр в эпоху миграции. – A korai magyarság vándorlásának történeti és régészeti emlékei. [Historical and archaeological relics of the wanderings of early Hungarians] Budapest, 2018. and Szegedi, László: A rabanbán név magyarázata, a székely és a magyar őstörténet vázlata. [Interpretation of the term Rabanbán and the sketch of the early Hungarian and Szeker history] Előadás [lecture under publishing]: A magyarság eredete - merre mutat a nyelv, és merre a történettudomány? Magyarok X. világkongresszusa. Magyarok Világszövetsége, Budapest, 2021. aug. 17. [a tanulmánykötet előkészületben, Szerk. Sántha Attila]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/T%C3%BCrgesh_Khaganate%2C_borders.svg/500px-T%C3%BCrgesh_Khaganate%2C_borders.svg.png)
![Gravestone with 'Phags-pa inscription (dated 1314), from Quanzhou, China.Phags-pa inscription: ꡖꡟꡃ ꡚꡦ ꡗꡃ ꡚꡞ ꡏꡟ ꡈꡓ [ꞏung shė yang shi mu taw = wēngshě yáng-shì mùdào 翁舍楊氏墓道] "Tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe".Chinese inscription on either side: 延祐甲寅 | 良月吉日 [yányòu jiǎyín | liángyuè jírì] "In the cyclical year jiayin [year of the wooden tiger = 1314] of the Yanyou period, on a good month and an auspicious day".](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg/500px-Yang_Wengshe_1314.jpg)
