Encyclopedia/3. History, Societies & Civilizations/09. Modern Nations/01. Africa • Curated by Admin Timeline.sg
History of Algeria (AI-generated, sourced to Wikipedia).
Chronological Storyline (35 Milestones)
12000 BCE
Capsian culture flourishes
Hunter-gatherer Capsian culture spreads across eastern Algeria, leaving rich archaeological and artistic remains. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
1 Cap Rhir; 2 El Khenzira; 3 Contrebandiers; 4 El Harhoura II; 5 Dar es-Soltan I; 6 Ghar Cahal; 7 Kehf El Hammar; 8 Hattab II; 9 Ifri El Baroud; 10 Ifri n'Ammar; 11 Kifan Bel Ghomari; 12 Taforalt; 13 Le Mouillah; 14 Rachgoun; 15 Columnata; 16 Rassel; 17 El Hammel; 18 El-Onçor; 19 Afalou; 20 Tamar Hat; 21 Taza; 22 Ouchtata; 23 Medjez II; 24 Dakhlat es-Saâdane; 25 Aïn Naga; 26 Khanguet El-Mouhaâd; 27 Aïn Misteheyia; 28 Relilaï; 29 Kef Zoura D; 30 ElMekta. By Peter Mitchell & Paul Lane - Distribution of major Iberomaurusian and Capsian sites in the Maghreb - Page 433, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71188916
600 BCE
Phoenicians establish coastal trading posts
Phoenician merchants found settlements along the Algerian coast, including at Hippo Regius and Tipasa. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
"map of Phoenicia", apparently intended to give a rough idea of the part of the Levant known as "Phoenicia", it does not correspond to any historical empire or polity. The cities indicated are the ancient Phoenician city states, perhaps in the Late Bronze Age (?) By Kordas, based on Alvaro's work - This map, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4083286
202 BCE
Numidian kingdom consolidated
Massinissa unifies the Berber tribes into the powerful Numidian kingdom allied with Rome. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Ancien possesseur : Vogüé, Melchior (1829-1916 ; marquis de). Ancien possesseur Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnGre Langue : grec ancien By Masinissa (0238?-0148 av. J.-C. ; roi de Numidie). Autorité émettrice de monnaie présumée Micipsa. Autorité émettrice de monnaie présumée - Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137566583
46 BCE
Roman province established
After Julius Caesar defeats Juba I, Numidia becomes the Roman province of Africa Nova. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Ancien possesseur : Vogüé, Melchior (1829-1916 ; marquis de). Ancien possesseur Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnGre Langue : grec ancien By Masinissa (0238?-0148 av. J.-C. ; roi de Numidie). Autorité émettrice de monnaie présumée Micipsa. Autorité émettrice de monnaie présumée - Bibliothèque nationale de France, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137566583
439 CE
Vandals conquer North Africa
The Vandals under Genseric seize Roman North Africa including much of present-day Algeria. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Mosaic pavement from British museum. Excavated at Bordj-Djedid in 1857 (Africa,Tunisia, Carthage). Date: 5thC(late)-6thC(early). Culture: Vandal or late Roman. By Unknown author - British Museum, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17583750
534 CE
Byzantines retake North Africa
Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals and incorporates Algeria into the Eastern Roman Empire. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Map of the operations of the Vandalic War in 533-534, including the rebellions on Tripolitania and Sardinia. Topography taken from from DEMIS Mapserver, which are public domain, other wise self-made. Sources: The History of the Wars by Procopius of Caesarea; J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire; James Allan Stewart Evans, The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power, ISBN 9780415022095; Ian Hughes, Belisarius: The Last Roman General, ISBN 9781594160851. By Cplakidas - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16243822
647 CE
First Arab raids reach Algeria
Arab Muslim forces under Abdallah ibn al-Sa'ad launch raids into what is now Algeria during the early Islamic conquests. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
خارطة تُبيِّنُ مسار الفُتوحات الإسلاميَّة لِبلاد المغرب. By Dr. Husein Mu'nis et al. - أطلس تاريخ الإسلام. ص 121, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45550809
711 CE
Umayyad rule extends across Maghreb
Umayyad Caliphate consolidates control over the Maghreb, spreading Islam and Arabic language. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
The Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent, in 720, under Caliph Umar II. By Ergovius - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=101110977
761 CE
Rustamid imamate founded
Ibadi Muslims establish the Rustamid imamate at Tahert, a major center of Kharijite learning and trade. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Map of approximate Rustamid territory in the 9th century. Sources: Map is directly based on Figure 4.6 in Rushword, Alan (2017), "From Arzuges to Rustamids: State Formation and Regional Identity in the Pre-Saharan Zone" in Merrills, Andrew (ed.) Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa (see Google preview here; page number not available in this format). That map is based in turn on the map in Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987) A history of the Maghrib in the Islamid Period, p.44, which also specifies the time-frame as "9th century". The Commons file entitled "خريطة الدولة الرستمية.jpg", by user Zakaria El Sanhadji, was used to create a blank template, onto which the territory and the cities were added from the sources above By R Prazeres - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=117258887
909 CE
Fatimids overthrow Rustamids
The Fatimid Caliphate conquers the Rustamid imamate and extends Ismaili Shia rule across the Maghreb. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Map the Fatimid Empire (chronological)Map drawn acc. to: Euratlas' map of the Fatimid Empire c.1000 [1] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1000 [2] Territories in green represent Hammadid and Zirid realms, resp. indep. in 1018 and 1048 Ian Mladjov's map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 [3] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1100 [4] By Omar-toons - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36397574
1014 CE
Hammadid dynasty established
Hammad ibn Buluggin founds the Hammadid dynasty with its capital at the Qal'a of Beni Hammad. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
This map depicts the political landscape of present-day northern Algeria, Tunisia, and part of western Libya in 1065, during the Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya. By Vonnlet - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=153393390
1147 CE
Almohads unify the Maghreb
The Almohad Caliphate under Abd al-Mu'min conquers the Hammadids and unifies North Africa from Morocco to Libya. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Almohad dynasty, was a ruling dynasty of Morocco, then Caliphate since 1147, at its greatest extent (early 13th century). By Flaspec - This file was derived from: Empire almohade-es.svg: RowanwindwhistlerSelon: Qantara-Med.org [1] [2], CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96587264
1235 CE
Zayyanid kingdom of Tlemcen
The Abd al-Wadid (Zayyanid) dynasty establishes the Kingdom of Tlemcen, a prosperous Berber state. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Flag of Algeria By Original: National Liberation Front of Algeria Vector: SKopp - SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem", Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27000198
1516 CE
Ottoman rule begins
Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa establish Ottoman-Algerian regency, making Algiers a base for corsairs. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Flag of Regency of Algiers By Nourerrahmane - Own work based on: عبد الرحمن بن محمد, جيلالي (1994) (in Arabic) تاريخ الجزائر العام للعلامة عبد الرحمن الجيلالي الجزء الثالث: الخاص بالفترة بين 1514 إلى 1830م, Algeria: الشركة الوطنية للنشر والتوزيع, pp. 40 (The General History of Algeria by Abd al-Rahman al-Jilali Part Three: Regarding the Period Between 1514 and 1830): "so he first moved to the city of Cherchell and occupied it in 922 AH (1516 AD) and then advanced to the city of Algiers on the same date, so he rescued it from the clutches of the Spanish and strengthened it with his symbolic three colored flag: green, yellow and red colors, and his brother Khair al-Din at that time was busy conquering the city of Mostaganem." (1965) كتاب حرب الثلاثمائة سنة بين الجزائر واسبانيا 1492 – 1792, الشركة الوطنية للنشر والتوزيع, p. 175 (The Three Hundred Years' War between Algeria and Spain 1492-1792 by Ahmad taoufik Al-Madani): "The death sentence was in his hands, and he became the sole authority in the city of Algiers. He raised his banners of three colors above its walls and castles: green, yellow and red, and spread his authority after a short period of time over the entire plains surrounding the city of Algiers. He took the initiative to mint coins bearing his emblem, on which he wrote: “Mit in Algiers.”" Kahlaoui, Tarek (16 January 2018) (in English) Creating the Mediterranean: Maps and the Islamic Imagination, BRILL, pp. 216 ISBN: 978-90-04-34738-0. : "The city of Algiers is represented by a flag of red, yellow and green horizontal stripes in an Ottoman atlas of 1551 (Al-Sharafīʼs atlas of 1551)." Gaïd, Mouloud (1975) (in French) L'Algérie sous les Turcs, Maison tunisienne de l'édition, pp. 58 : "The great flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk in red, green and yellow, majestically deployed over the gate." بلقاسم, مولود قاسم نايت (1985) (in Arabic) شخصية الجزائر الدولية وهيبتها العالم العالمية قبل سنة ١٨٣٠, دار البعث،, pp. 142 : "The great national flag of Algiers, formed of three bands of silk, red, green and yellow, was displayed majestically above the Bab-Azoun gate," Assari, Nadir (2007) (in French) Alger: des origines à la régence turque, Alpha, pp. 69 ISBN: 978-9961-780-15-2. : “During the Turkish era, the flag of Algiers was made up of three bands of red, green and yellow silk. » Ivanov, Nicolay (1996) (in French) LA CONQUETE OTTOMANE DES PAYS ARABES 1516 - 1574 (1st ed.), Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences, pp. 89 ː “Red flags were raised on all the fortifications, towers, batteries, and ramparts, along their entire length, and sometimes the tricolor of Algeria, as reported by witnesses.” the standard flying from an Algerine Xebec near Gibraltar, by Dominic Serres (1722-1793). The standard flying from a Barbary pirate ship, by Circle of Adriaen van Diest (1655-1704). "Algiers flag" in 17th 18th century FLAGS PRINT 1950s. 58 Early form of Algerian Flag in "The Flags of the World" Plate 7, volume 6-143. “ Flags of Muslim Powers. Among Muslims, with the exception of the Turks, flags are above all religious emblems. Thus, whether they come from Morocco, Algeria, or Tunisia, they display the same distinctive features—and this is understandable, since the idea of nation does not exist among the Arabs. In truth, national flags do exist in Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt; but these emblems are of recent origin, adopted in imitation of European powers, and the people are not even familiar with them. The true flag decorates, in times of peace, the mosques and the tombs of famous marabouts. It is brought out from these sacred places at the time of war, in order to place the troops under divine protection. One or more of the colors of Islam—red, yellow, and green—always appear, arranged in extremely varied ways. Often, their banners display religious emblems such as crescents, open hands, or even verses from the Qur’an. ” —Verillon, M (1907) (in French) Les trophées de la France, Leroy, pp. XIV Marabout Flag raised by the corsairs of Algiers “ The Flags of the Dey's Palace. The gate is covered with a terrace which is surrounded with a gilt railing in the center of which is a flag staff mounted with a gilt crescent on which the banners of the nation as well as those of the Grand Signore and Mahomet are hoisted on Fridays and festivals. ” —Cathcart, James L. (Slave in Algiers (1785–1796) then American consul in Tunis and Tripoli (1802–1806)) (1899) The captives Standard of the Regency of Algiers Flag of the Ottoman regent of Algiers Religious holiday flag of Algiers Other Standards of the Regency of Algiers Type of War Standard (according to B. Dubreuil and Pierre Lux-Wurm) Flag of the Regency of Algiers according to Al-Sharafi Atlas Regimental Flag of Algiers from "The maritime flags of all nations" (1832), by Richard Holmes Laurie (1777–1858) Algerian Land forces Flag (Algerian Odjak) before 1830 (according to (in English) (1986) Flag Bulletin, Flag Research Center., p. 166 ), Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=134572984
Jun 14, 1830 CE
French invasion of Algiers
France invades Algeria under the pretext of a diplomatic dispute, beginning 132 years of colonial rule. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
French invasion of Algiers By Horace Vernet - histoire-image.org. Voir aussi les collections du château de Versailles., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7203965
1832 CE
Emir Abd al-Qadir leads resistance
Sufi scholar and military leader Emir Abd al-Qadir launches a major resistance against French conquest. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Flag of Algeria By Original: National Liberation Front of Algeria Vector: SKopp - SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem", Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27000198
1871 CE
Mokrani Revolt crushed
The largest Algerian uprising against French colonial rule is brutally suppressed, leading to land confiscations. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Gravure publiée dans l'Illustration en 1871 et représentant l'insurrection de Bordj Bou Aririj By Léon Morel-Fatio - http://imageshack.us/f/366/bbamokrani5og.jpg/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18964268
May 8, 1945 CE
Sétif and Guelma massacres
French forces kill thousands of Algerian demonstrators demanding independence, a turning point in nationalist sentiment. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Carte des massacres de mai/juin 1945 à Sétif, Guelma et Kherrata By Houmouvazine - Karim Chaïbi, Atlas historique de l'Algérie, Editions Dalimen, 2012, 164 (ISBN : 978-9931-306-56-6) [1] Guy Pervillé, Atlas de la guerre d'Algérie, Editions Autrement, 2003, 17 (ISBN : 2746703017) [2] OpenStreetMap, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50524369
Nov 1, 1954 CE
Algerian War of Independence begins
The National Liberation Front (FLN) launches armed attacks marking the start of the war of independence. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Soldiers of the National Liberation Army during the Algerian War of Independence. By Zdravko Pečar - Museum of African Art (Belgrade), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100018446
Sep 1, 1957 CE
Battle of Algiers intensifies
FLN urban guerrilla campaign in Algiers is met with brutal French paratrooper repression, drawing world attention. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Flag of Algeria By Original: National Liberation Front of Algeria Vector: SKopp - SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem", Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27000198
Mar 18, 1962 CE
Évian Accords signed
France and the FLN sign the Évian Accords, ending the war and paving the way for Algerian independence. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
The FLN delegation in Évian was crucial in negotiating the 1962 Evian Accords, which ended the Algerian War and led to Algeria’s independence from France. By UtCon Collection - https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-fln-national-liberation-front-delegation-in-vian-played-a-key-170952247.html?imageid=E4AF8166-84B3-430B-A7CF-DA5E119CADB5&p=575952&pn=1&searchId=165a9b3dbb5ba66c086bfad837913e3c&searchtype=0, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=168152526
Jul 5, 1962 CE
Algeria gains independence
Algeria officially declares independence from France after 132 years of colonial rule and a devastating war. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Soldiers of the National Liberation Army during the Algerian War of Independence. By Zdravko Pečar - Museum of African Art (Belgrade), CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100018446
Jun 19, 1965 CE
Boumediene coup d'état
Houari Boumediene overthrows President Ben Bella in a bloodless coup, establishing a socialist one-party state. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Houari Boumédiène en décembre 1978 By Unknown author - Own Collection, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22147658
1975 CE
Sahrawi refugees arrive
Algeria hosts Sahrawi refugees fleeing Western Sahara conflict, establishing camps near Tindouf. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
This is a general map of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front controls the area to the east of the berm, while Morocco controls the area to the west. By Kmusser - Own work based primarily on the Digital Chart of the World, with this UN map and commercial atlases (Rand McNally, Google, Encarta, and National Geographic) used as references., CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1621025
Apr 1, 1980 CE
Berber Spring protests
Massive Berber cultural protests in Kabylia demand recognition of the Tamazight language and identity. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Colorized photo of a protest in Tizi Ouzou during the Berber Spring, April 1980. By Unknown author - https://ffs.dz/ffs-commemoration-de-tafsut-imazighen-printemps-berbere/, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=192218411
Oct 5, 1988 CE
October Riots shake regime
Youth riots in Algiers and other cities are violently suppressed, prompting promises of political reform. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Monument to arab israeli casualties in October 2000 riots, Nazareth By Almog - Own work, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6997624
Dec 1, 1991 CE
Islamic Salvation Front wins first round
The FIS wins the first round of parliamentary elections, triggering a military intervention and civil conflict. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Algiers, January 12, C.E.1992. The ANP tanks in the streets of Algiers the day after the announcement of the end of the second round of the legislative elections of December 26, C.E.1991. By Saber68 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25422470
Jan 11, 1992 CE
Military cancels elections
The army cancels elections and bans the FIS, plunging Algeria into a decade of brutal civil war. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Algiers, January 12, C.E.1992. The ANP tanks in the streets of Algiers the day after the announcement of the end of the second round of the legislative elections of December 26, C.E.1991. By Saber68 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25422470
Sep 1, 1997 CE
Bentalha and Rais massacres
Mass killings of civilians in Bentalha and Rais shock the nation amid the civil war's darkest period. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Flag of Algeria By Original: National Liberation Front of Algeria Vector: SKopp - SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem", Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27000198
Apr 1, 1999 CE
Bouteflika elected president
Abdelaziz Bouteflika is elected president, promising reconciliation and an end to the civil war. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, as seen after a meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton in a photograph taken when she was addressing reporters in Algiers, Algeria, October 29, 2012. By U.S. Department of State from United States - Secretary Clinton Addresses Reporters in Algiers, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110170802
2002 CE
Tamazight made national language
A constitutional amendment recognizes Tamazight as a national language, a key demand of Berber activists. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Localization of Berber-speaking areas in Algeria ; map based on: File:Gourara ksour - Linguistic map.PNG , source: J. Bisson, "Gourara", in Encyclopedie Berbere ; File:South Oranie and Figuig Berber.PNG, source: A. Basset, "La langue berbère dans les territoires du sud", in: Revue Africaine vol. 85 (1941) & UNESCO's Atlas of Endangered Languages (2009) File:Mzab-Wargla Berberophone areas.PNG, source: R. Basset, "Étude sur la zénatia du Mzab, de Ouargla et de l'Oued-Rir'" (1893) & W.-J. Frawley, "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, vol. 3" (2003) File:Map of Northern Saharan Berber dialects.PNG, source: M. Kossmann, "The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber" (2013) ; File:Berbères en Algérie occidentale.svg, source: S. Chaker, "Tamazight - Lngue berbere : Quelques données de base" (CRB), modified per J. Cantineau, "Les parlers arabes du departement d'Oran", in: Revue Africaine vol. 84 (1940) File:Aires linguistiques du nord-est algérien.svg, source: S. Chaker, "Textes en Linguistique Berbère" (1984) & P. Bourdieu, "Sociologie de l'Algérie" (1980) File:Tuareg area.png (multiple sources) Own made map By Omar-toons - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49182351
Feb 1, 2011 CE
Arab Spring protests
Algeria experiences protests inspired by the Arab Spring, but the regime uses spending and repression to contain unrest. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Demonstrators face police lines on Aveunue Bourguiba, Central Tunis By cjb - https://www.flickr.com/photos/cjb22222222/5373435731/, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12843070
Apr 1, 2014 CE
Bouteflika wins fourth term
Despite serious health problems, Bouteflika wins a fourth presidential term amid low turnout and opposition boycott. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, as seen after a meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton in a photograph taken when she was addressing reporters in Algiers, Algeria, October 29, 2012. By U.S. Department of State from United States - Secretary Clinton Addresses Reporters in Algiers, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110170802
Feb 22, 2019 CE
Hirak protests begin
Massive peaceful protests erupt demanding Bouteflika step down, leading to his resignation in April. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
المظاهرات في وهران فبراير 2019 By عصام بختي - sent by the photographer to me to upload it. The picture was uploaded by photographer request., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76861371
Dec 12, 2019 CE
Tebboune elected president
Abdelmadjid Tebboune is elected president amid continued Hirak protests and significant political transition. Source — Wikipedia, "Algeria":
Srečanje z alžirskim predsednikom Abdelmadžidom Tebbounom. Foto: Bor Slana By Vlada Republike Slovenije from Ljubljana, Slovenia - Premier dr. Golob na uradnem in prijateljskem obisku v Ljudski demokratični republiki Alžiriji, Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149000546
![Map the Fatimid Empire (chronological)Map drawn acc. to: Euratlas' map of the Fatimid Empire c.1000 [1] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1000 [2] Territories in green represent Hammadid and Zirid realms, resp. indep. in 1018 and 1048 Ian Mladjov's map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1096 [3] Qantara-Med's map of the Mediterranean c.1100 [4]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/500px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG)
